Cell Biology Quiz: Reproduction and Cell Cycle
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Questions and Answers

What is the main difference between sexual and asexual reproduction?

  • Sexual reproduction produces identical cells.
  • Sexual reproduction is found in prokaryotes.
  • Asexual reproduction involves two parent cells.
  • Asexual reproduction does not involve sex cells. (correct)

Which process do eukaryotic cells use to create gametes for sexual reproduction?

  • Cloning
  • Meiosis (correct)
  • Mitosis
  • Binary fission

Which of the following accurately describes the structure of a chromosome after replication?

  • It is composed of multiple linear strands of DNA.
  • It exists only in its chromatin form.
  • It is single-armed and loosely packed.
  • It consists of two sister chromatids and a centromere. (correct)

Which feature is unique to binary fission in prokaryotes compared to eukaryotic processes?

<p>The formation of a cross-wall. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of spindle fibers during cell division?

<p>To pull sister chromatids apart. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant outcome of mutations in genes that regulate the cell cycle?

<p>Uncontrolled cell division (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT a possible cause of mutations in cell cycle genes?

<p>Exercise (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the p53 protein play in the cell cycle?

<p>Promotes apoptosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is formed when replicated strands attach to each other at the centromeres during cell division?

<p>DACS (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines cancer as a disease of the cell cycle?

<p>Errors in cell cycle regulation lead to uncontrolled growth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of the cell cycle is characterized by no division occurring?

<p>Interphase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to checkpoint proteins if the genes for them are mutated?

<p>They may fail to regulate cell division (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the anaphase of mitosis?

<p>DACs separate into individual chromosomes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of cytokinesis?

<p>Separate the cytoplasm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cells has the highest diploid chromosome number?

<p>Goldfish (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase does the nuclear envelope break down?

<p>Prophase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which phase do DACS align at the equator of the cell?

<p>Metaphase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many strands of chromatin are present in a parent cell before division occurs?

<p>2 strands (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason that cells need to remain small?

<p>To allow for efficient movement of materials in and out (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If two cells have the same volume, how can their SA/V ratios differ?

<p>By changing the shape of the cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When comparing two cells, which statement is true about larger cells?

<p>They have more mitochondria. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of DNA replication prior to cell division?

<p>To ensure each daughter cell receives a complete copy of DNA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cells typically ranges from 1-10 micrometers in size?

<p>Prokaryotic cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cube configuration has the highest surface area to volume ratio?

<p>Sixty-Four 1-Centimeter Cubes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do larger cells compare to smaller cells in terms of nutrient transport?

<p>Smaller cells have shorter distances for transport. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does surface area play in a cell's efficiency?

<p>Higher surface area enhances nutrient uptake. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the p53 gene in relation to the cell cycle?

<p>It helps in error correction during DNA replication. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do proto-oncogenes normally function in the body?

<p>They help cells grow and divide as usual. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens if a proto-oncogene undergoes mutation?

<p>It becomes an oncogene that is always active. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which risk factor for cancer is related to genetic predisposition?

<p>Family history. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cancer treatment is targeted specifically at certain molecules necessary for tumor growth?

<p>Targeted cancer therapy. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the p53 protein play if it is functioning correctly?

<p>It signals for cell apoptosis if DNA damage is detected. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of malignant tumors?

<p>They remain localized. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential effect of a mutation in tumor suppressor genes?

<p>Uncontrolled cell growth. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily occurs during anaphase in cell division?

<p>Spindle fibers contract causing centromeres to split (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which event marks the beginning of telophase?

<p>Spindle movement is completed (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does cytokinesis differ in animal cells compared to plant cells?

<p>Animal cells separate through inward pinching while plant cells form a new wall (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about cancer cells is true?

<p>They typically spread to new locations and grow rapidly (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of benign tumors?

<p>They grow slowly and do not spread (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the term 'metastasis' in relation to cancer?

<p>The spread of cancer cells to other parts of the body (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes an event occurring in telophase?

<p>Spindle fibers disassemble (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of cancer cells is highlighted by impaired contact inhibition?

<p>Failure to sense nearby cells and stop dividing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Surface Area to Volume Ratio (SA/V)

The ratio of a cell's surface area to its volume. A higher SA/V ratio indicates more efficient transport of materials across the cell membrane.

Cell Division

The process by which a cell divides into two daughter cells, each with a complete copy of the parent cell's DNA.

DNA Replication

The process of replicating DNA before cell division to ensure each daughter cell receives a complete copy of the genetic material.

Unicellular Organisms

Organisms made up of only one cell. They reproduce by cell division, creating a new organism.

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Cell Transport Efficiency

The ability of a cell to transport materials across its membrane efficiently. Smaller cells have a higher SA/V ratio, which allows for faster transport.

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Multicellular Organisms

Organisms made up of many cells. They use cell division for growth, repair, and reproduction.

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Mitochondria

The powerhouses of the cell that generate energy (ATP) for cellular processes.

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Cell Membrane

The membrane that surrounds a cell, controlling the movement of substances in and out.

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Mitosis

The process by which a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells. This is a form of asexual reproduction.

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Meiosis

A type of cell division that results in four daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. This is essential for sexual reproduction.

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Binary Fission

The process by which a cell divides into two genetically identical daughter cells.

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Chromatin

A loosely packed form of DNA that is used for protein synthesis and DNA replication.

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Chromosomes

A tightly condensed form of DNA that is used during cell division.

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Sister Chromatids (DACS)

Two copies of a replicated chromosome attached at the centromere. They are visible during the early stages of cell division.

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Interphase

The longest stage of the cell cycle, during which the cell grows, duplicates its organelles, and copies its DNA.

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Prophase

The first stage of mitosis, where replicated chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and the spindle fibers start forming.

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Metaphase

The second stage of mitosis, where the chromosomes line up at the equator (middle) of the cell, and spindle fibers attach to their centromeres.

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Anaphase

The third stage of mitosis, where the sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of the cell.

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Telophase

The final stage of mitosis, where the chromosomes reach opposite poles of the cell, the nuclear envelope reforms around the separated chromosomes, and the cell begins to divide.

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Cytokinesis

The division of the cytoplasm of a cell after mitosis or meiosis, resulting in two daughter cells.

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Animal Cell Cytokinesis

In animal cells, the cytoplasm pinches inward at the cell membrane, forming a cleavage furrow that eventually separates the two daughter cells.

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Plant Cell Cytokinesis

In plant cells, a new cell wall, called the cell plate, forms between the two daughter cells, separating them.

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Cancer

The uncontrolled division of cells, often leading to the formation of tumors and the spread of cancer through metastasis.

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Contact Inhibition

The ability of normal cells to stop dividing when they come into contact with other cells. Cancer cells lack this ability and continue to grow and divide.

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Tumor

A mass of cancerous cells that grows abnormally and potentially spreads to other parts of the body.

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Proto-oncogene

A normal gene that helps cells grow and divide as usual. Mutations in this gene can cause it to be switched 'on' all the time.

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Oncogene

A mutated proto-oncogene, stuck in the 'on' position, promoting uncontrolled cell growth.

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Tumor suppressor genes

Normal genes that prevent uncontrolled cell division and repair DNA damage. Mutations in these genes can cause cells to grow and divide out of control.

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Malignant

Tumors that can spread to other parts of the body and invade healthy tissue. This is a defining characteristic of cancer.

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Targeted cancer therapy

A type of cancer treatment that targets specific molecules involved in tumor growth and development.

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Immunotherapy

A type of cancer treatment that boosts the immune system to fight cancer cells.

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Apoptosis

Programmed cell death, a process that eliminates damaged, infected, or abnormal cells.

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What is cancer?

A type of disorder where cells lose the ability to control their division, leading to uncontrolled growth and potential spread.

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What are checkpoints in the cell cycle?

Proteins that act as checkpoints during the cell cycle, ensuring everything is in order before moving to the next stage. Like police officers, they stop the process if there are any mistakes.

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What is p53?

A tumor suppressor gene that is a key checkpoint protein. It normally stops division if mistakes are detected, preventing uncontrolled growth.

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How can mutations lead to cancer?

Mutations in genes involved in the cell cycle can lead to unchecked growth and cancer. These mutations might be caused by various factors.

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Why is cancer considered a disease of the cell cycle?

It's called a disease of the cell cycle because its root cause is a disruption in the regulation of this process, leading to uncontrolled cell division.

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Study Notes

Cell Size

  • Cells are microscopic, requiring magnification to be seen.
  • Prokaryotic cells range from 1-10 micrometers (µm).
  • Most animal and plant cells range from 10-100 µm.
  • Cells need to be small to efficiently move materials into and out of the cell.
  • DNA synthesis cannot keep pace with cell growth.

SA/V Ratio

  • The surface area-to-volume ratio (SA/V) is crucial for cell function.
  • A smaller cell has a higher SA/V ratio, allowing for efficient material exchange.
  • Larger cells have a lower SA/V ratio, making material exchange less efficient.
  • A larger SA/V ratio allows cells to manage the exchange of materials more readily.

Cell Reproduction

  • Cell reproduction allows organisms to grow, repair, and reproduce.
  • Unicellular organisms reproduce to create a new organism.
  • Multicellular organisms reproduce to make new cells for growth, repair, and development.

Sexual vs. Asexual Reproduction

  • Sexual reproduction involves two parent cells (gametes), combining their genetic material. This creates genetic variation.
  • Asexual reproduction involves one parent cell, creating genetically identical offspring.

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Reproduction

  • Prokaryotic cells reproduce through binary fission, creating a copy of the cell and then splitting.
  • Eukaryotic cells reproduce through mitosis/meiosis.

Cell Cycle

  • Interphase is the longest phase where the cell grows and replicates its DNA.
  • Mitosis is the nuclear division of cells.
  • Cytokinesis is the cytoplasmic division of cells to create daughter cells.
  • The cell cycle has specific checkpoints to ensure accurate DNA replication and cell division.

Cancer

  • Cancer is a disease where cells divide uncontrollably.
  • Mutations are a major cause of uncontrolled cell division in cancer.
  • Cancer cells grow uncontrollably and may invade surrounding tissues.
  • Genes controlling the cell cycle are often altered in cancer.
  • Chemotherapy is a common treatment for cancer.

Cell Cycle Checkpoints

  • The cell cycle has checkpoints to check for accurate DNA duplication and cell division.
  • Checkpoints are activated through specific proteins.

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Honors Biology Cell Reproduction Notes PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on the differences between sexual and asexual reproduction, the processes involved in gamete formation, and the intricacies of the cell cycle. This quiz covers key concepts such as chromosome structure, mutations, and the role of proteins like p53 in cell regulation.

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