Cell Division and Phases of the Cell Cycle

The process of passing down X and Y chromosomes from parents to offspring during reproduction.

The first division in meiosis, creating two daughter cells with one set of chromosomes.

The second division in meiosis, creating four haploid cells from two daughter cells.

The fusion of sperm and egg, creating a zygote with a full set of chromosomes.

X and Y chromosomes that determine the sex of an organism.

Programmed cell death.

Cells can't grow infinitely large because volume increases faster than surface area, hindering transport.

Sexual reproduction mixes genetic material from two parents, while asexual reproduction produces offspring genetically identical to the parent.

Chromosomes are only visible during cell division.

G1 (growth), S (DNA replication), G2 (prepping for division), and M (mitosis) phases make up the cell cycle.

Mitosis has four phases: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase. These phases ensure accurate DNA replication during cell division.

Cell division consists of two main stages: Mitosis and Cytokinesis.

Uncontrolled cell growth and division leading to tumors. Cells ignore normal growth signals.

Cancer cells grow and divide uncontrollably, ignoring the cell cycle's normal checkpoints. They also don't respond normally to signals telling them to die.

Cancer cells crowd out healthy cells, harming tissues and potentially killing the organism.

Chromatin condenses, spindle fibers form, nuclear envelope disappears, and nucleoli disappear.

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell during mitosis.

Sister chromatids separate and migrate to opposite poles of the cell, splitting at the centromere.

Chromosomes reach the poles, becoming less visible, spindle apparatus disappears, and nuclear membranes reform.

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase are the four main stages of cell division.

The process where one cell divides into two identical daughter cells, crucial for growth, repair, and development.

The cell cycle phase where cellular division happens (mitosis and cytokinesis).

The phase in interphase where DNA replicates.

The longest phase of the cell cycle where cells grow, duplicate DNA, and prepare for division. It's the cell's everyday life.

Identical copies of DNA joined together at the centromere.

The process of cell division where the cell membrane pinches in the middle, creating two daughter cells.

Protein structures that attach to chromosomes and pull them apart during cell division, ensuring accurate chromosome separation.

The process of cell division in plant cells where a new cell wall forms between the two daughter nuclei.

Uncontrolled cell growth leading to an abnormal mass of cells, resulting from mutations that disrupt cell cycle controls.

The process where unspecialized cells become specialized cells with specific functions.

The first step of meiosis, creating two daughter cells with one set of homologous chromosomes

The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during prophase I, contributing to genetic variation.

The variety of genetic information in a population, arising from meiosis processes.

Cells resulting from meiosis, containing half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

The second step of meiosis, transforming two daughter cells into four haploid daughter cells