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Questions and Answers
What is the primary purpose of the S phase in the cell cycle?
During which phase of the cell cycle does a newly formed daughter cell grow and produce proteins?
What happens at the G2 checkpoint in the cell cycle?
Which type of cell division results in two genetically identical daughter cells?
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What is the characteristic of the G0 phase in the cell cycle?
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Which stage in mitosis follows metaphase?
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How does prokaryotic cell division occur?
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What is one of the main roles of checkpoints in the cell cycle?
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What occurs during anaphase in mitosis?
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Which of the following accurately describes prophase I of meiosis?
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What is the primary goal of meiosis?
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During which phase do chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate in meiosis?
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What is a characteristic feature of telophase in mitosis?
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What happens during metaphase I of meiosis?
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Which event distinguishes telophase from other phases in mitosis?
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During which phase of meiosis do homologous pairs separate?
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What occurs during Anaphase I of meiosis?
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During Telophase I and Cytokinesis, what is formed?
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What happens to the centromeres during Anaphase II?
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What characterizes Prophase II?
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What is the main difference between meiosis and mitosis?
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During which stage do single chromosomes align at the metaphase plate?
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What occurs as a result of cytokinesis in meiosis?
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In which processes are the terms spermatogenesis and oogenesis used?
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Study Notes
Cell Cycle Overview
- Encompasses stages for cell division leading to the creation of genetically identical daughter cells.
- Ensures accurate duplication and segregation of DNA in chromosomes.
Phases of Cell Cycle
G1 Phase
- Newly formed daughter cell undergoes growth.
- Involves production of proteins and organelles, contributing to an increase in cell size.
S Phase
- Synthesis of new chromosomes from raw materials.
- Cell focuses on replicating its complete genome.
G2 Phase
- Characterized by significant protein synthesis.
- Cells verify the integrity of both DNA copies.
Mitosis
- Parent cell executes a series of steps to distribute materials, ensuring each daughter cell obtains essential materials and chromosome duplicates.
G0 Phase
- A resting metabolic state, maintaining the cell without preparing for division.
Cell Cycle Checkpoints
- G1 Checkpoint: Assesses nutrient availability, growth factors, and DNA damage.
- S Checkpoint: Monitors DNA synthesis.
- G2 Checkpoint: Evaluates cell size and DNA replication status.
Cell Division Types
- Prokaryotic Cell Division (Binary Fission).
- Eukaryotic Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis.
Prokaryotic Cell Division (Binary Fission)
- "Division in half" leading to asexual reproduction.
- Process involves genetic material duplication and division into two new organisms.
Eukaryotic Cell Division (Mitosis)
- Produces two daughter cells with identical genetic material.
- Goal is to ensure complete sets of chromosomes in each daughter cell.
- Stages of Mitosis remembered by "Pee on the MAT": Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase.
Prophase
- Chromosomes condense and become visible.
- Spindle fibers emerge from centrosomes, with the nuclear envelope breaking down.
Prometaphase
- Chromosomes continue to condense.
- Kinetochores appear and spindle fibers attach to them.
Metaphase
- Chromosomes align at the metaphase plate.
- Each sister chromatid connected to spindle fibers from opposite poles.
Anaphase
- Centrosomes split, sister chromatids pulled to opposite poles.
- Certain spindle fibers elongate, contributing to cell elongation.
Telophase
- Chromosomes decondense as they reach opposite poles.
- Nuclear envelope reforms around chromosome sets, and the mitotic spindle disassembles.
Eukaryotic Cell Division (Meiosis)
- Single cell divides twice to produce four cells, each with half the original genetic content.
- Aims to form daughter cells with half as many chromosomes through two division processes: Meiosis I and Meiosis II.
Meiosis I - Homologue Pair Separation
- Stages: Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I.
Prophase I
- Chromosomes condense; homologous pairs align and pair up.
- Spindle apparatus begins to extend, nuclear envelope disappears.
Metaphase I
- Bivalent pairs align on the metaphase plate.
- Random positioning of chromosomes leads to genetic diversity.
Anaphase I
- Homologous chromosomes separate, moving to opposite poles without centromere splitting.
Telophase I & Cytokinesis
- Homologues reach poles, nuclear membranes reform, and cytokinesis produces two haploid daughter cells.
Meiosis II - Sister Chromatid Separation
- Stages: Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II.
Prophase II
- Nucleoli and nuclear envelopes disperse, chromatids shorten and thicken.
Metaphase II
- Chromosomes align on the metaphase plate, and kinetochores face opposite poles.
Anaphase II
- Centromeres separate; chromatids move towards opposite poles, now considered separate chromosomes.
Telophase II
- Nuclear envelopes form around each chromosome set, followed by cytokinesis resulting in four haploid daughter cells.
Gametogenesis
- The process forming gametes through meiosis.
- Spermatogenesis refers to sperm production, while oogenesis pertains to egg formation.
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Description
Explore the vital stages of the cell cycle, including the G1 phase and S phase, that enable cell division and production of genetically identical daughter cells. This quiz covers the processes of growth and DNA duplication essential for accurate cell replication.
