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Questions and Answers
What determines the sex of the fetus at fertilization?
What determines the sex of the fetus at fertilization?
Which chromosome combination results in a male fetus?
Which chromosome combination results in a male fetus?
At what point is the fetal sex determined?
At what point is the fetal sex determined?
What is the function of the amniotic fluid?
What is the function of the amniotic fluid?
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Which membrane encloses the amniotic cavity?
Which membrane encloses the amniotic cavity?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding fertilization?
Which of the following statements is true regarding fertilization?
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What role does the sperm cell's chromosome play in fetal development?
What role does the sperm cell's chromosome play in fetal development?
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What eventually happens to the chorionic villi during development?
What eventually happens to the chorionic villi during development?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding erythroblast cells?
Which of the following statements is true regarding erythroblast cells?
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Which statement describes the chorionic membrane?
Which statement describes the chorionic membrane?
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At the end of the 4th gestational week, how long is the embryo approximately?
At the end of the 4th gestational week, how long is the embryo approximately?
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What is the weight of the embryo at the end of the first month of gestation?
What is the weight of the embryo at the end of the first month of gestation?
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Which hormone is NOT produced by the endocrine system during the early stages of pregnancy?
Which hormone is NOT produced by the endocrine system during the early stages of pregnancy?
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What size is the heart of the embryo by the end of the 4th gestational week?
What size is the heart of the embryo by the end of the 4th gestational week?
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At the end of the first month, which statement about the embryo is true?
At the end of the first month, which statement about the embryo is true?
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What is the primary function of amniotic fluid during pregnancy?
What is the primary function of amniotic fluid during pregnancy?
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What is the normal average volume of amniotic fluid at full term?
What is the normal average volume of amniotic fluid at full term?
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How much amniotic fluid typically surrounds the baby at full term?
How much amniotic fluid typically surrounds the baby at full term?
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What condition is characterized by a deficiency in the amount of amniotic fluid at term?
What condition is characterized by a deficiency in the amount of amniotic fluid at term?
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What defines oligohydramnios in terms of amniotic fluid volume at term?
What defines oligohydramnios in terms of amniotic fluid volume at term?
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What does it mean when it is stated that the baby 'drops' before delivery?
What does it mean when it is stated that the baby 'drops' before delivery?
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At the end of the 40th gestational week, how long is the baby typically from crown to rump?
At the end of the 40th gestational week, how long is the baby typically from crown to rump?
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What is the approximate weight of the fetus at the end of the 40th gestational week?
What is the approximate weight of the fetus at the end of the 40th gestational week?
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How does the fetus's activity change as the pregnancy approaches delivery?
How does the fetus's activity change as the pregnancy approaches delivery?
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What is a potential experience for the mother as the fetus kicks actively in the third trimester?
What is a potential experience for the mother as the fetus kicks actively in the third trimester?
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What percentage of hemoglobin is expected to be of adult character at birth?
What percentage of hemoglobin is expected to be of adult character at birth?
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What significant developmental change regarding hemoglobin occurs just before birth?
What significant developmental change regarding hemoglobin occurs just before birth?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding vernix caseosa at birth?
Which of the following statements is true regarding vernix caseosa at birth?
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What developmental feature does nail growth reach by birth?
What developmental feature does nail growth reach by birth?
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What characterizes the rate of conversion from fetal hemoglobin to adult hemoglobin just prior to birth?
What characterizes the rate of conversion from fetal hemoglobin to adult hemoglobin just prior to birth?
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Study Notes
Cell Division and Gametogenesis
- Mitosis is a continuous process for body growth and cell replacement
- In mitosis, daughter cells have the same chromosome number as the parent cell (diploid, 46 chromosomes)
- Meiosis is a type of cell division for reproduction
- Meiosis involves two sequential divisions, reducing the chromosome number to half (haploid, 23 chromosomes)
Stages of Fetal Development
- Ovulation: Release of an egg from the ovary
- Fertilization: Fusion of sperm and egg, starting pregnancy
- Implantation: Attachment of the fertilized egg to the uterine wall
- Zygote: Fertilized egg
- Morula: Early stage of embryonic development
- Blastocyst: Hollow ball of cells
- Eight-cell stage, Four-cell stage, Two-cell stage: Stages of cell division following fertilization
- Mature follicle: Matured ovarian follicle
- Secondary Follicle: Follicle developing into a mature follicle
- Growing Follicle: Follicle growing
- Early primary follicle: Earliest stages of follicle development
- Corpus albicans: Degenerating corpus luteum
- Corpus luteum: Structure in the ovary that supports early pregnancy
- Released oocyte: Released egg from the matured follicle
- Ruptured follicle: Follicle releasing the oocyte
- Connective tissue, Coagulated blood: Tissues surrounding the ruptured follicle
- Developing corpus luteum: Structure that forms after the follicle releases the oocyte
Embryonic and Fetal Development
- Development Cell differentiation: Cells in a zygote are identical and become specialized after implantation
- Stages of Development: Fertilized ovum (zygote), Morula, Early blastocyst, Late blastocyst
- Trophoblast cells: Outer ring cells forming the placenta; inner cell forming the embryo
- Fetal Membranes: Chorionic villi forming the chorionic membrane; the amnion encloses amniotic cavity and amniotic fluid
Functions of the Amniotic Fluid
- Maintains even temperature
- Prevents amniotic sac from adhering to the fetal skin
- Allows symmetrical growth
- Allows buoyancy and fetal movement
- Acts as a cushion for fetus and umbilical cord
Alterations in Amniotic Fluid
- Oligohydramnios: Deficiency of amniotic fluid (less than 500ml)
- Polyhydramnios: Excessive amniotic fluid (greater than 2000ml)
The Umbilical Cord
- Connection between the fetus and the placenta
- Contains two umbilical arteries and one umbilical vein
- Surrounded by Wharton's jelly (extracellular matrix)
- Length: 50-60 cm; Diameter: 2 cm
Placentation
- Formation from embryonic trophoblastic tissues and maternal endometrial tissues
- Chorion develops fingerlike villi for nourishment
Functions of the Placenta
- Respiration: exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
- Nutrition: providing proteins, carbohydrates, and fats
- Storage: stores glucose as glycogen
- Excretion: eliminates waste products (bilirubin, urea, uric acid)
- Protection: prevents microorganisms but not all drugs or viruses
- Endocrine: produces human chorionic gonadotropin, estrogen, and progesterone
Germ Layer
- Endoderm: Digestive system, liver, pancreas, inner layers of lungs
- Mesoderm: Circulatory system, lung epithelial layers, skeletal system, muscular system
- Ectoderm: Hair, nails, skin, nervous system
Milestones of Fetal Growth and Development
- 4th Gestational Week: Embryo 0.75 cm, 400 mg, heartbeat begins
- 8th Gestational Week: Embryo grows to 2.5 cm, 20 g, distinct features (webbed fingers), placenta nourishing, heartbeat chambers formed
- 12th Gestational Week: Fetus (8-7 cm, 45 g), organs developed, swallowing and kicking begins
- 16th Gestational Week: Fetus 17–10 cm, 55–120 g, lanugo (downy hair), face outlines visible, heartbeat heard
- 20th Gestational Week: Fetus 38–35 cm, 1200 g, body formed, fingernails cover fingertips
- 24th Gestational Week: Fetus 25 cm, 223 g, eyebrows, and eyelids, baby can hear, breathing movements practice
- 28th Gestational Week: Fetus 38–35 cm, 1200 g, well-formed body, fingernails cover fingertips
- 32nd Gestational Week: Fetus 48–42 cm, 2700–1800 g, fat accumulating, head-down position
- 36th Gestational Week: Fetus 52–48 cm, 3000 g, lungs developed, head-down position in preparation for birth
- 40th Gestational Week: Fetus about 48-52 cm, 3000g, fetus active kicking, fetal hemoglobin conversion, vernix caseosa fully formed, fingernails over fingertips
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Description
Test your knowledge on the processes of cell division, including mitosis and meiosis, and their roles in reproduction. Additionally, explore the key stages of fetal development, from ovulation to implantation. This quiz covers essential concepts in embryology and cell biology.
