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Questions and Answers
What is the main function of the Golgi apparatus?
Which organelle is known as the 'powerhouse of the cell'?
What is the function of lysosomes in a cell?
Which organelle aids in cell division and is found in animal cells?
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What role does the peroxisome play in a cell?
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What distinguishes flagella from cilia in cells?
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What is the function of condensed and highly coiled chromatins?
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Which organelle is known as the 'Highway of the cell'?
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Where are ribosomes primarily produced in a cell?
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What is the function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
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What is cytosol in a cell composed of?
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What are chemical substances like glycogen, lipid granules, and water vacuoles referred to as?
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Where are integral proteins located in the cell membrane?
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Which organelle contains genetic material that controls most cellular activities?
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What is the function of ribosomes in the cell?
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Which of the following is a function of the nuclear envelope?
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What are glycoproteins?
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Where are peripheral proteins located in relation to the lipid bilayer?
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Study Notes
Cell Structure
- Condensed and highly coiled chromatins (chromosomes) appear during cell division.
Cytoplasm
- Cellular material between the plasma membrane and the nucleus.
- Site for cellular metabolic activities.
- Consists of cytosol, organelles, and inclusions.
Cytosol
- Viscous, semitransparent fluid in which other cytoplasmic contents are suspended.
- Contains dissolved substances such as water, proteins, salts, sugars, and other solutes.
Inclusions
- Chemical substances that may or may not be present – glycogen, lipid and pigment granules, water vacuoles, etc.
Organelles
- Membranous organelles: mitochondria, peroxisomes, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and golgi apparatus.
- Non-membranous organelles: cytoskeleton, centrioles, and ribosomes.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
- Connected to nuclear envelope.
- Highway of the cell.
- Rough ER: studded with ribosomes; synthesizes proteins.
- Smooth ER: no ribosomes; synthesizes lipids.
Ribosomes
- Site of protein synthesis.
- Found attached to rough ER or floating free in cytoplasm.
- Produced in nucleolus (in nucleus).
Golgi Apparatus
- Stores, modifies, and packages proteins.
- Transport vesicles from ER fuse to the ‘cis face’ of the Golgi apparatus.
- Proteins then pass through the Golgi apparatus to the ‘trans face’.
- Vesicles leave the ‘trans face’ of the Golgi stack and move to designated parts of the cell.
Lysosomes
- Garbage disposal of the cell.
- Contain digestive enzymes that break down wastes.
- Break down ingested bacteria, viruses, and toxins.
- Degrade non-functional organelles.
- Break down glycogen and release thyroid hormone.
- Break down non-useful tissue.
- Break down bone to release Ca²⁺.
Mitochondria
- “Powerhouse of the cell”.
- Cellular respiration occurs here to release energy for the cell to use.
- Controls level of water and other materials in cell.
- Recycles and decomposes proteins, fats, and carbohydrates.
- Bound by a double membrane.
- Has its own strand of DNA.
Peroxisomes
- Membranous sacs containing oxidases and catalases.
- Detoxify harmful or toxic substances.
- Neutralize dangerous free radicals.
Cytoskeleton
- Acts as skeleton and muscle.
- Provides shape and support.
- Helps move organelles around the cell.
- Made of three types of filaments.
Centrioles
- Aids in cell division.
- Usually found only in animal cells.
- Pinwheel array of nine triplets of microtubules.
- Form the bases of cilia and flagella.
Cilia and Flagella
- Whiplike, motile cellular extensions on the exposed surface of certain cells.
- Ciliary action moves substances in one direction across the cell surface.
- Flagella are longer and less in number than cilia, but serve much the same purpose.
Plasma Membrane
- Has two distinct membrane proteins: integral and peripheral proteins.
- Integral proteins are inserted into the lipid bilayer.
- Peripheral proteins are not embedded in the lipid bilayer; they attach loosely to the integral proteins.
- Glycoproteins are proteins attached with carbohydrates.
Nucleus
- Consists of nuclear envelope (membrane) with pores, nucleoli, and chromatin (or chromosomes).
- Contains genes (genetic materials), which control synthesis of cellular structure and most cellular activities.
Nuclear Envelope
- Selectively permeable double membrane barrier containing pores.
- Encloses jellylike nucleoplasm, which contains essential solutes.
- Outer membrane is continuous with the rough endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER) and is studded with ribosomes.
- Inner membrane is lined with the nuclear lamina, which maintains the shape of the nucleus.
- Pore complex regulates transport of large molecules into and out of the nucleus.
Nucleolus
- Dark-stained spherical bodies found within the nucleus.
- Not membrane-bounded.
- Site of ribosome production.
Chromatin
- Fine, unevenly stained network composed of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) chain, histone proteins, and ribonucleic acid (RNA) chain.
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Description
Learn about the appearance of condensed and coiled chromatins during cell division, and the composition of cell cytoplasm including cytosol and inclusions. Explore the cellular metabolic activities that occur in the cytoplasm.
