Mitosis
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Mitosis

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Questions and Answers

What is the result of mitosis in eukaryotic cells?

  • Production of gametes
  • Production of genetically identical daughter cells (correct)
  • Division of genetic material into two distinct daughter cells
  • Creation of cells with half the genetic material of the parent cell

    • What type of cell division leads to the production of gametes?

  • Cytokinesis
  • Mitosis
  • Asexual reproduction
  • Meiosis (correct)

    • What is the function of mitosis and cytokinesis in multicellular eukaryotes?

  • Production of gametes
  • Division of genetic material into two distinct daughter cells
  • Creation of genetically identical daughter cells
  • Growth, wound repair, and asexual reproduction (correct)

    • How does meiosis differ from mitosis?

    <p>Daughter cells have half the genetic material of the parent cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of cytokinesis in cell division?

    <p>The cytoplasm of the cell divides into two distinct daughter cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may uncontrolled cell division lead to in multicellular organisms?

    <p>Cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main outcome of the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Production of genetically identical daughter cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of meiosis in eukaryotic organisms?

    <p>Production of gametes with half the genetic material of the parent cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leads to the division of preexisting cells in eukaryotic organisms?

    <p>Cell division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of mitosis in wound repair in multicellular eukaryotes?

    <p>Regeneration of damaged tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the cell cycle are chromosomes replicated?

    <p>S phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure formed by DNA and histone proteins in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Nucleosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of mitosis involves the condensation of chromosomes and breakdown of the nuclear envelope?

    <p>Prophase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of distributing chromosomes to daughter cells during cell division called?

    <p>Mitosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What marks the end of mitosis?

    <p>Telophase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell?

    <p>Metaphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the division of the cytoplasm to form two daughter cells?

    <p>Cytokinesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase involves the splitting of centromeres and movement of sister chromatids to opposite poles of the cell?

    <p>Anaphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the continuous process with five subphases in mitosis?

    <p>Mitotic phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure that joins two chromatids of a chromosome?

    <p>Centromere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates cytokinesis in animals, fungi, and slime molds?

    <p>A ring of actin and myosin filaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does bacteria division differ from animal cytokinesis?

    <p>It does not involve cytokinesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the chromosome to move to one end of the mitotic spindle during anaphase?

    <p>Shortening of kinetochore microtubules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is responsible for the variation in the length of the cell cycle among cell types?

    <p>Variation in the length of G1 phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Mitosis-promoting factor (MPF) composed of?

    <p>A protein kinase and a cyclin subunit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is MPF active?

    <p>When bound to the cyclin subunit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What renders MPF's Cdk subunit inactive?

    <p>Phosphorylation at two sites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the condensation of chromosomes and formation of the mitotic spindle apparatus?

    <p>MPF</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What prevents the division of damaged cells and ensures proper chromosome separation?

    <p>G1, G2, and metaphase checkpoints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the p53 protein?

    <p>Pauses the cell cycle or initiates apoptosis if the DNA is damaged</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of mitosis in multicellular eukaryotes?

    <p>Growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of meiosis in eukaryotic organisms?

    <p>Production of gametes with half the genetic material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of uncontrolled cell division in multicellular organisms?

    <p>Cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of cytokinesis in cell division?

    <p>Division of the cytoplasm to form daughter cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of mitosis in wound repair in multicellular eukaryotes?

    <p>Regeneration of damaged tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between meiosis and mitosis?

    <p>Meiosis produces gametes with half the genetic material, while mitosis produces genetically identical somatic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may result from different types of defects in control over the cell cycle?

    <p>Different types of cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is responsible for the regulation of progression through the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Carefully regulated processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary outcome of cell division in eukaryotic organisms?

    <p>Production of new cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of mitosis and cytokinesis in multicellular eukaryotes?

    <p>Production of genetically identical cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure of eukaryotic chromosomes consisting of DNA and histone proteins called?

    <p>Chromatin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process that marks the end of mitosis and involves the division of the cytoplasm to form two daughter cells?

    <p>Cytokinesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the continuous process with five subphases in mitosis?

    <p>Prophase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leads to the division of preexisting cells in eukaryotic organisms?

    <p>Mitosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the structure formed by DNA and histone proteins in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Chromatin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phase of mitosis that involves the condensation of chromosomes, breakdown of the nuclear envelope, and formation of the mitotic spindle?

    <p>Prophase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of distributing chromosomes to daughter cells during cell division called?

    <p>Mitosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of mitosis in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Formation of two daughter nuclei with identical chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phase of mitosis that involves the splitting of centromeres and movement of sister chromatids toward opposite poles of the cell?

    <p>Anaphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phase of mitosis where the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell on the metaphase plate?

    <p>Metaphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the p53 protein in the cell cycle?

    <p>Pauses the cell cycle or initiates apoptosis if the DNA is damaged</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of Mitosis-promoting factor (MPF)?

    <p>A protein kinase and a cyclin subunit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates benign tumors from malignant tumors?

    <p>Benign tumors are noninvasive and noncancerous, while malignant tumors are invasive and can spread throughout the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of cytokinesis in cell division?

    <p>Divides the cytoplasm to form two daughter cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of uncontrolled cell division in multicellular organisms?

    <p>Cancerous cells with defects in cell-cycle checkpoints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the chromosome to move to one end of the mitotic spindle during anaphase?

    <p>Kinetochore microtubules shorten due to loss of tubulin subunits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the G2 cell-cycle checkpoint?

    <p>Allows enzymes to activate MPF</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process initiated by a ring of actin and myosin filaments during cytokinesis?

    <p>Causing the cell membrane to pinch inward in a cleavage furrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the metaphase cell-cycle checkpoint?

    <p>Ensures proper chromosome separation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of MPF being active only when bound to the cyclin subunit?

    <p>Induces mitosis in all eukaryotes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Understanding Cell Division and Cancer

    • Cytokinesis in animals, fungi, and slime molds is initiated by a ring of actin and myosin filaments causing the cell membrane to pinch inward in a cleavage furrow.
    • Bacteria divide via fission, which is similar to animal cytokinesis but does not involve cytokinesis.
    • During anaphase, kinetochore microtubules shorten due to loss of tubulin subunits from their plus ends at the kinetochore, pulling the chromosome to one end of the mitotic spindle.
    • The length of the cell cycle can vary greatly among cell types, with variation in the length of G1 phase being responsible for these differences.
    • Mitosis-promoting factor (MPF) induces mitosis in all eukaryotes and is composed of a protein kinase and a cyclin subunit.
    • Cyclin concentration regulates the concentration of MPF, with MPF being active only when bound to the cyclin subunit.
    • MPF's Cdk subunit is rendered inactive when phosphorylated at two sites, but late in G2 phase, enzymes cause one phosphate group to drop off, activating MPF.
    • MPF triggers a chain of events culminating in the condensation of chromosomes and formation of the mitotic spindle apparatus, but is deactivated during anaphase by an enzyme complex that degrades its cyclin subunit.
    • There are three distinct cell-cycle checkpoints: G1, G2, and metaphase, which prevent the division of damaged cells and ensure proper chromosome separation.
    • The p53 protein pauses the cell cycle or initiates apoptosis if the DNA is damaged, and is an example of a tumor suppressor.
    • Cancer is caused by cells with uncontrolled growth, invasion of nearby tissues, and spread to other sites in the body, arising from cells in which cell-cycle checkpoints have failed.
    • Cancerous cells have defects that make proteins required for cell growth active when they should not be, and defects that prevent tumor suppressor genes from shutting down the cell cycle.
    • Benign tumors are noninvasive and noncancerous, while malignant tumors are invasive and can spread throughout the body, a process known as metastasis.

    Understanding Cell Division and Cancer

    • Cytokinesis in animals, fungi, and slime molds is initiated by a ring of actin and myosin filaments causing the cell membrane to pinch inward in a cleavage furrow.
    • Bacteria divide via fission, which is similar to animal cytokinesis but does not involve cytokinesis.
    • During anaphase, kinetochore microtubules shorten due to loss of tubulin subunits from their plus ends at the kinetochore, pulling the chromosome to one end of the mitotic spindle.
    • The length of the cell cycle can vary greatly among cell types, with variation in the length of G1 phase being responsible for these differences.
    • Mitosis-promoting factor (MPF) induces mitosis in all eukaryotes and is composed of a protein kinase and a cyclin subunit.
    • Cyclin concentration regulates the concentration of MPF, with MPF being active only when bound to the cyclin subunit.
    • MPF's Cdk subunit is rendered inactive when phosphorylated at two sites, but late in G2 phase, enzymes cause one phosphate group to drop off, activating MPF.
    • MPF triggers a chain of events culminating in the condensation of chromosomes and formation of the mitotic spindle apparatus, but is deactivated during anaphase by an enzyme complex that degrades its cyclin subunit.
    • There are three distinct cell-cycle checkpoints: G1, G2, and metaphase, which prevent the division of damaged cells and ensure proper chromosome separation.
    • The p53 protein pauses the cell cycle or initiates apoptosis if the DNA is damaged, and is an example of a tumor suppressor.
    • Cancer is caused by cells with uncontrolled growth, invasion of nearby tissues, and spread to other sites in the body, arising from cells in which cell-cycle checkpoints have failed.
    • Cancerous cells have defects that make proteins required for cell growth active when they should not be, and defects that prevent tumor suppressor genes from shutting down the cell cycle.
    • Benign tumors are noninvasive and noncancerous, while malignant tumors are invasive and can spread throughout the body, a process known as metastasis.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of cell division and cancer with this quiz covering topics such as cytokinesis, mitosis, cell-cycle checkpoints, tumor suppressor genes, and the characteristics of cancerous cells. Sharpen your understanding of these fundamental biological processes and their implications in health and disease.

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