Cell Death Mechanisms and Detection Methods
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Questions and Answers

What morphological feature is NOT associated with necroptosis?

  • Nuclear fragmentation (correct)
  • Cell swelling
  • Retention of integral nucleus
  • Membrane rupture

Which process involves the formation of double membraned vesicles for cellular components?

  • Autophagy (correct)
  • Apoptosis
  • Ferroptosis
  • Necrosis

Which method is NOT used to detect necroptosis?

  • MLKL
  • RIPK3
  • Cytochrome c release (correct)
  • RIPK1

What is a characteristic of cell shrinkage in apoptosis?

<p>Nuclear condensation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these cell death types is characterized by the inhibition of inflammation?

<p>Apoptosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cell death is driven by lipid peroxidation?

<p>Ferroptosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which detecting method is associated with autophagy?

<p>GFP-LC3 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a distinguishing feature of apoptosis compared to necroptosis?

<p>Membrane blebbing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis?

<p>Binding of a ligand to a death receptor (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which protein is involved in the formation of the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC)?

<p>FADD (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of caspase-8 in the extrinsic apoptosis pathway?

<p>It activates effector caspases like caspase-3. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What option refers to a protein that blocks the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis?

<p>FLIP (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which pathway is caspase-9 typically utilized?

<p>Intrinsic pathway (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What feature is characteristic of apoptosis?

<p>Morphological changes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Bid contribute to apoptosis?

<p>By triggering mitochondrial permeabilization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the final outcome of caspase activation in apoptosis?

<p>Cell death (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main consequence of oxidative stress in cellular injury?

<p>Formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organ is the most susceptible to ischemia injury?

<p>Brain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does intracellular calcium play in cell injury?

<p>Regulates mitochondrial function (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which compartment has the highest concentration of calcium in a normally functioning cell?

<p>Mitochondria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a cellular response to decreased perfusion in less susceptible tissues?

<p>Undergo atrophy or quiescent state (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the ubiquitination status of RIPK1 influence cellular response?

<p>It modulates TNFR1 ligation responses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the context of ischemia?

<p>They are released during irreversible injury (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which receptors are associated with the recognition of pathogens and play a role in the immune response?

<p>Toll-like receptors (TLR) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of liquefactive necrosis in the brain or spinal cord?

<p>Formation of fluid-filled spaces (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the macroscopic appearance of necrosis in the brain and spinal cord?

<p>Malacia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cell type affected by hypoxia or ischemia leading to necrosis?

<p>Neurons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which form of gangrene occurs when the necrotic tissue becomes infected by bacteria?

<p>Wet gangrene (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of necrosis is typically associated with aspiration pneumonia in the lungs?

<p>Wet gangrene (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the necrosis process in parenchymal tissue of the brain?

<p>Hypoxia or ischemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What eventually happens to glial cells during the progression of necrosis in the brain?

<p>They undergo necrosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the case of gas gangrene, what type of bacteria is typically involved?

<p>Clostridium spp. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the histological appearance of necrotic adipocytes?

<p>They have pale eosinophilic to amphophilic cytoplasm. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main causes of gangrenous mastitis in the ewe?

<p>Release of lipases from necrotic pancreatic cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of necrosis is characterized by firm and nodular adipose tissue with off-white chalky deposits?

<p>Saponification associated with dry gangrene. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of gangrene typically shows a clear line of demarcation between necrotic and viable tissue?

<p>Dry gangrene. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of necrosis occurs mainly in peripancreatic adipose tissue?

<p>Enzymatic fat necrosis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT associated with fat necrosis?

<p>Increased adipocyte size. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of necrosis is the cause of ischemic necrosis in the distal aspects of the hind limbs?

<p>Vasoconstriction due to ergot alkaloids. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the appearance of the skin overlying necrotic mammary tissue in wet gangrene?

<p>It is darkened and reddened. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cell Death Mechanisms

  • Apoptosis is a programmed cell death that involves a series of biochemical events leading to a controlled demolition of the cell.
  • Necroptosis is a programmed cell death characterized by cell swelling, membrane rupture, and a translucent cytoplasm with moderate chromatin condensation.
  • Autophagy is a highly conserved catabolic process involving the formation of double-membraned vesicles called autophagosomes that engulf cellular proteins and organelles for delivery to the lysosomes.
  • Ferroptosis is a form of regulated cell death triggered by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation that is inhibited by glutathione peroxidase 4.

Detecting Methods for Cell Death Mechanisms

  • Apoptosis: DNA fragmentation, cytochrome C release
  • Necroptosis: RIPK1, RIPK3, MLKL
  • Autophagy: Immune colloidal gold technique, GFP-LC3
  • Ferroptosis: ATPG3, immunofluorescence
  • Pyroptosis: BCA, Ca2+ fluorescence, spectral analysis

Types of Cell Death and Inflammation

  • Non-lytic Cell Death: Oxeiptosis and apoptosis do not induce inflammation.
  • Lytic Cell Death: Pyroptosis induces and spreads inflammation.

Extrinsic Apoptosis Pathway

  • Initiated by alterations in the extracellular milieu.
  • Binding of a ligand to a cell surface death receptor leads to the formation of a death-inducing signaling complex (DISC).
  • DISC activates caspase-8.
  • Caspase-8 activates effector caspases, such as caspase-3 and caspase-7, leading to cell death.

Key Players in the Extrinsic Apoptosis Pathway

  • FLIP: An inhibitory protein that blocks the extrinsic pathway by binding to procaspase-8 without activating it.
  • XIAP: Blocks the extrinsic pathway by inhibiting caspase-3 activation.

Reperfusion Injury

  • Reperfusion injury is a complex phenomenon that results from restoration of blood flow to ischemic (oxygen-deprived) tissue.
  • Oxidative stress, calcium imbalance, and opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) pore are key contributors to reperfusion injury.

Necrosis and Apoptosis: Role in Tissue Injury

  • Necrosis: A form of cell death that occurs when cells are injured in a way that overwhelms their ability to repair themselves.
  • Apoptosis: Essential for normal tissue development and homeostasis.
  • Coagulative Necrosis: Leads to a firm, opaque area of tissue.
  • Liquefactive Necrosis: Leads to the formation of a soft, liquefied area of tissue.
  • Gangrenous Necrosis: A form of tissue death that typically occurs in distal extremities.
  • Fat Necrosis: A form of necrosis that occurs specifically in adipose tissue.

TNF Receptor 1 (TNFR1) Signaling

  • TNFR1 is a key receptor involved in the regulation of cell death and inflammation.
  • Upon ligation of TNFR1, a cell can respond in three different ways depending on the ubiquitination status of RIPK1.
  • TNFR1 signaling can result in apoptosis, necroptosis, or cell survival.

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Description

Explore the different mechanisms of cell death such as apoptosis, necroptosis, autophagy, and ferroptosis. This quiz will also cover various detection methods associated with each type of cell death, including specific biomarkers and techniques used in research. Test your knowledge on these critical biological processes!

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