Cell Death Mechanisms: Necrosis vs Apoptosis
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following correctly describes the primary function of an endocrine gland?

  • To produce electrical impulses for quick responses
  • To transmit signals across a synapse to neighboring cells
  • To release hormones directly into the bloodstream (correct)
  • To secrete digestive enzymes into the gastrointestinal tract

    • What distinguishes a hormone from a neurotransmitter?

  • Hormones have a fast action and short duration, while neurotransmitters have delayed onset
  • Hormones act on adjacent cells, while neurotransmitters act on distant targets
  • Hormones operate only within the CNS, while neurotransmitters function outside the CNS
  • Hormones are released by glands, while neurotransmitters are released by neuronal cells (correct)

    • Which of the following glands is classified as a central endocrine gland?

  • Parathyroid gland
  • Thyroid gland
  • Adrenal glands
  • Pituitary gland (correct)

    • What role do neurohormonal cells play in the endocrine system?

    <p>They secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected result of a hormone binding to its receptor?

    <p>Cellular changes that can affect function within the target cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes cell necrosis from cell apoptosis?

    <p>Cell necrosis is an unintentional process while apoptosis is programmed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following triggers cell apoptosis?

    <p>Viral infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a case of metabolic acidosis, which of the following laboratory findings would you expect?

    <p>Low bicarbonate levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physical appearance indicates cell apoptosis compared to cell necrosis?

    <p>Cells appear shrunken and collapsing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pH level associated with respiratory acidosis?

    <p>Below 7.35</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is associated with metabolic acidosis?

    <p>It leads to increased heart rate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the primary acid-base disturbance in the case presented?

    <p>Presence of both metabolic and respiratory acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of feedback mechanism primarily controls most homeostatic systems in the body?

    <p>Negative feedback loops</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

    <p>To provide physical protection and regulate intracranial pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) primarily produced?

    <p>By the choroid plexus in the ventricles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference in sodium ion (Na+) concentration between CSF and plasma?

    <p>CSF has a lower Na+ concentration than plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is present in a higher concentration in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) compared to plasma?

    <p>Magnesium ions (Mg2+)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure is essential for the selective permeability of the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)?

    <p>Astrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of brain extracellular fluid (BECF)?

    <p>To regulate neuronal signaling and local homeostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement reflects a similarity between cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma?

    <p>Both involve in systemic circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the likelihood of action potentials (AP) when there is a lower concentration of Na+ in CSF?

    <p>Decreases the likelihood of AP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of aldosterone?

    <p>Promote sodium retention and potassium loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of binding a hormone to its specific receptor on a target cell?

    <p>Triggering an intracellular cascade</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is produced by the zona fasciculata?

    <p>Cortisol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary regulatory mechanism for glucocorticoid release?

    <p>Negative feedback from elevated cortisol levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the storage characteristics of water-soluble hormones?

    <p>They are usually stored in intracellular vesicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are mineralocorticoids specifically synthesized in the adrenal cortex?

    <p>Zona glomerulosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes lipid-soluble hormones compared to water-soluble hormones?

    <p>Lipid-soluble hormones travel in the plasma bound to proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the release of renin from the kidneys?

    <p>Decreased blood pressure or Na+ levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which intracellular effect is NOT associated with hormone action?

    <p>Activation of muscle contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of synthesis for steroid hormones?

    <p>Cholesterol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormones are classified as glucocorticoids?

    <p>Cortisol and corticosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main physiological effect of cortisol?

    <p>Increasing blood glucose levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which category of hormones is classified as water-soluble?

    <p>Peptide hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism do water-soluble hormones primarily use to interact with target cells?

    <p>Binding to membrane receptors with second messenger systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which layer of the adrenal cortex are sex hormones produced?

    <p>Zona reticularis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic distinguishes the transport of water-soluble hormones from that of lipid-soluble hormones?

    <p>Water-soluble hormones travel free in plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cell Death Mechanisms

    • Cell Necrosis: Unintentional cell death characterized by swelling and rupture.
    • Cell Apoptosis: Programmed cell death that leads to cell shrinkage and implosion with specific triggers including viral infections, DNA damage, membrane/mitochondrial damage, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and immune cell induction.
    • Both processes serve as forms of cell death essential in various physiological and pathological contexts.

    Case Study - Acid-Base Disturbances

    • A 66-year-old male with diabetes and COPD exhibits diarrhea, fatigue, and hypotension upon emergency department visit.
    • Laboratory findings show a metabolic acidosis with low HCO3 and elevated BUN and creatinine, indicating kidney impairment.
    • ABG results indicate a pH of 7.22 and a PaCO2 of 52 mm Hg, confirming concurrent respiratory acidosis due to hypoventilation.

    Homeostatic Feedback Systems

    • Homeostatic feedback systems utilize negative feedback loops to maintain biological parameters within an optimal range.
    • Example: Circulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is crucial for regulating intracranial pressure and providing physical protection for the brain.
    • Control systems for these feedback mechanisms predominantly include the nervous and endocrine systems.

    Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) vs. Plasma

    • CSF exhibits lower concentrations of Na+ and K+, leading to decreased neuronal excitability and reduced action potential thresholds, which aids in preventing seizures.
    • CSF contains higher Mg2+ levels, which help reduce neuronal membrane permeability and firing.
    • Amino acids and proteins, found less in CSF, act as neurotransmitters crucial for signaling.

    Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)

    • The BBB is a selective permeability barrier that separates circulating blood from brain extracellular fluid, essential for maintaining central nervous system homeostasis.
    • Comprises tightly packed endothelial cells, astrocytes, and pericytes that regulate substance passage.

    Hormones vs. Neurotransmitters

    • Hormones are chemical messengers released into the bloodstream, acting on distant targets with delayed, prolonged effects.
    • Neurotransmitters are short-range signaling molecules released at synapses, facilitating rapid, immediate communication between adjacent cells.

    Hormone-Receptor Relationship

    • Hormones bind to specific receptors on target cells, activating intracellular cascades that can alter ion channel permeability, modify enzyme activity, or regulate gene expression.
    • Effects can lead to significant physiological changes crucial for maintaining homeostasis.

    Water-Soluble vs. Lipid-Soluble Hormones

    • Water-soluble hormones include peptides, proteins, and amino acid-derived hormones, stored in vesicles and transported freely in plasma.
    • Lipid-soluble hormones, such as steroids, are synthesized from cholesterol, often not stored, and transported bound to plasma proteins.

    Categories of Hormones

    • Water-soluble hormones: Peptides and amino acid-derived.
    • Lipid-soluble hormones: Steroids and thyroid hormones.

    Mineralocorticoids vs. Glucocorticoids

    • Mineralocorticoids: Synthesized in the adrenal cortex (zona glomerulosa), regulate blood pressure and fluid balance primarily through aldosterone.
    • Glucocorticoids: Produced in the adrenal cortex (zona fasciculata), regulated by stress with cortisol as the primary hormone, influencing glucose metabolism.

    Physiological Effects of Cortisol

    • Increases blood glucose levels, enhances fat and protein metabolism, and suppresses immune function.
    • Follows a diurnal pattern, with levels peaking in the morning and declining throughout the day.

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    Description

    Explore the differences between cell necrosis and apoptosis in this quiz. Understand the characteristics, triggers, and implications of each type of cell death, from swollen cells to programmed processes. Delve into the biological significance of these phenomena and how they impact health.

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