Cell Cycle & Meiosis Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the main activity of the cell during the G1 phase of interphase?

  • Growth and preparation of proteins (correct)
  • Cell division
  • Error checking of DNA
  • DNA replication

What does the G in G1 phase stand for?

  • Growth
  • Genetic
  • Gathering
  • Gap (correct)

Which phase directly follows the G1 phase when the cell has sufficient size and materials?

  • G0 phase
  • G2 phase
  • M phase
  • S phase (correct)

What is the role of the G2 phase in the cell cycle?

<p>Cell growth and preparation for division (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about cells in the G0 phase is true?

<p>They can transition back to G1 phase upon certain stimuli. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might cells like mature heart muscle remain in G0 phase indefinitely?

<p>They rarely receive signals to divide. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of meiosis in terms of chromosome number?

<p>The chromosome number is reduced to half. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of meiosis are homologous chromosomes separated?

<p>Meiosis I (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the cell cycle is the DNA content doubled?

<p>S phase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the transition from G1 phase to the S phase?

<p>Surface area to volume imbalance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key event occurs during interphase before meiosis begins?

<p>Chromosomes are duplicated. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At the end of meiosis I, how many sister chromatids does each chromosome still consist of?

<p>Two sister chromatids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of meiosis resembles mitosis?

<p>Meiosis II (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the total number of haploid cells produced by a single cell that undergoes both meiosis I and meiosis II?

<p>Four haploid cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes homologous chromosomes?

<p>They look alike and have the same length and centromere position. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is accurate regarding meiosis II?

<p>Sister chromatids separate during this phase. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would happen if sister chromatids separated at the first meiotic division?

<p>The final daughter cells would still be diploid. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process promotes genetic diversity during meiosis?

<p>Synapsis and crossing over (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of random fertilization?

<p>It generates different zygotes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does meiosis affect the chromosome number of gametes?

<p>It reduces the chromosome number by half. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase does independent assortment of chromosomes occur?

<p>Metaphase I (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of chiasmata during meiosis?

<p>They provide the site for crossing over. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three main phases of the cell cycle?

<p>Interphase, nuclear division, cell division (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is genetic diversity important for species survival?

<p>It allows for adaptation to changing environments. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is formed when two haploid gametes fuse?

<p>A diploid zygote. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase is primarily involved in the actual division of the cell?

<p>Cell division (cytokinesis) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during interphase?

<p>The cell duplicates its DNA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the length of the cell cycle vary?

<p>It varies based on environmental conditions and cell types (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which subphase is associated with proofreading and repair of DNA?

<p>G2 phase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be concluded about the cell cycle and homeostasis?

<p>Cells must reproduce to maintain homeostasis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does mitosis or meiosis refer to in the context of the cell cycle?

<p>Nuclear division (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Onion root tip cells undergo division approximately every how many hours?

<p>20 hours (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of meiosis in maintaining species identity?

<p>To halve the chromosome number in gametes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells are generated through meiosis necessary for sexual reproduction?

<p>Haploid gametes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does meiosis contribute to genetic variation?

<p>By introducing variability through the process of crossing over (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process occurs after the fusion of two haploid gametes during fertilization?

<p>Formation of a diploid zygote (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of meiosis in the plant life cycle?

<p>It produces haploid spores that develop into gametophytes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does meiosis facilitate the process of speciation?

<p>By generating genetic diversity among isolated populations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would happen if meiosis did not occur in organisms?

<p>The chromosome count would double with each generation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about meiosis is true?

<p>Meiosis is responsible for sexual reproduction in eukaryotes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during prophase of meiosis that does not occur in prophase of mitosis?

<p>Chiasmata formation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In mitosis, how do chromatids behave during the anaphase stage compared to meiosis?

<p>Chromatids separate in mitosis and whole chromosomes in anaphase I of meiosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does telophase of meiosis differ from telophase of mitosis?

<p>Telophase of meiosis results in half the number of chromosomes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the alignment of chromatids during metaphase in mitosis as opposed to meiosis?

<p>Pairs of chromatids align only in metaphase II of meiosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding homologous chromosomes during prophase of mitosis?

<p>Homologous chromosomes are not visible (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes cytokinesis in mitosis from meiosis?

<p>Cytokinesis follows two divisions in meiosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary outcome of crossing over that occurs in meiosis?

<p>Genetic variation is increased in gametes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which stage are chromosomes visible in meiosis?

<p>Prophase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is the cell cycle?

The cell cycle is a series of events that occur in a cell leading to its division and duplication.

What is interphase?

Interphase is the longest stage of the cell cycle where the cell grows, copies its DNA, and prepares for division.

What happens during nuclear division?

During nuclear division, the nucleus of the cell divides, creating two identical copies of the genetic material.

What is cell division (cytokinesis)?

Cell division (cytokinesis) is the physical division of the cytoplasm, creating two daughter cells from one parent cell.

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What is G1 phase?

G1 is the first phase of interphase, where the cell grows and synthesizes proteins.

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What is S phase?

S phase, the second phase of interphase, is when the cell replicates its DNA, ensuring each daughter cell gets a complete copy.

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What is G2 phase?

G2, the final phase of interphase, is when the cell prepares for nuclear division by synthesizing proteins and organelles.

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What factors influence the length of the cell cycle?

The length of the cell cycle varies depending on the type of cell and environmental conditions.

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G1 Phase

The first phase of interphase, where the cell grows and produces proteins and organelles necessary for its function.

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S Phase

The phase of interphase where the cell's DNA is replicated, ensuring each daughter cell receives a complete set of genetic information.

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G2 Phase

The final stage of interphase, where the cell prepares for division by checking its DNA for errors and producing necessary proteins.

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G0 Phase

A state of inactivity where cells exit the cell cycle and do not actively prepare for division.

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Mitosis

The process of cell division where the nucleus divides, resulting in two daughter cells each with a complete set of chromosomes.

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Metaphase

The part of mitosis where chromosomes line up along the middle of the cell.

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Cell Cycle

The process of cell growth and division, which includes interphase (G1, S, G2) and mitosis.

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Microtubules

Specialized structures that help separate chromosomes during mitosis.

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What is meiosis?

Meiosis is a type of cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes in a cell by half, producing gametes (sperm and egg cells) with a haploid number of chromosomes.

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What happens during meiosis I?

During meiosis I, homologous chromosomes, which are pairs of chromosomes with the same genes, are separated. This means that each daughter cell receives one copy of each chromosome.

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What are sister chromatids, and when are they separated?

Sister chromatids are identical copies of a chromosome that are joined together at the centromere. They are separated during meiosis II.

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What is the end result of meiosis?

The process of meiosis results in four haploid cells, each containing half the number of chromosomes as the original parent cell. This is essential for sexual reproduction.

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What is the difference between haploid and diploid cells?

A diploid cell has two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent. While a haploid cell has only one set.

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What are homologous chromosomes?

Homologous chromosomes are pairs of chromosomes that have the same genes, length and centromere position.

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When does chromosome replication occur during meiosis?

The duplication of chromosomes occurs during interphase, before meiosis I. This ensures that each chromosome is replicated and consists of two identical sister chromatids.

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Why is meiosis important for sexual reproduction?

Meiosis is essential for sexual reproduction because it creates gametes (sperm and egg cells) with half the number of chromosomes, ensuring that the offspring inherit a complete set of chromosomes.

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What is Crossing Over?

During meiosis, homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange genetic material, leading to the shuffling of genes and increased genetic diversity.

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Why is Meiosis important for maintaining species identity?

Meiosis ensures that each gamete receives only one chromosome from each homologous pair. This maintains the species-specific chromosome number.

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Why is Meiosis crucial for sexual reproduction?

Meiosis produces haploid gametes, which are essential for sexual reproduction. The fusion of two haploid gametes during fertilization creates a diploid zygote.

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How does Meiosis contribute to evolution?

Meiosis contributes to genetic variation within a population, which is a driving force behind evolution. This variation allows organisms to adapt to changing environments.

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How is Meiosis related to speciation?

Meiosis plays a role in the formation of new species. The genetic differences that arise during meiosis can lead to the accumulation of unique traits in isolated populations.

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What is the biological significance of Meiosis?

Meiosis is a fundamental process in sexually reproducing organisms that supports genetic diversity, maintains stable chromosome numbers, and allows for the evolution of new species.

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Meiosis I: Prophase I

Chromosomes condense, become visible, and homologous chromosomes pair up. This pairing allows for genetic exchange through crossing over.

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Meiosis I: Metaphase I

Homologous chromosome pairs align along the equator of the cell, and sister chromatids remain attached.

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Meiosis I: Anaphase I

Homologous chromosomes separate, moving to opposite poles of the cell, resulting in two daughter cells each containing half the number of chromosomes.

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Meiosis I: Telophase I

Chromosomes arrive at opposite poles and decondense, forming two new nuclei with half the original number of chromosomes. Each daughter cell now has a haploid set of chromosomes.

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Meiosis II: Anaphase II

Sister chromatids (duplicates of each chromosome) are separated and pulled to opposite poles of the cell.

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Mitosis: Anaphase

Centromeres divide, and sister chromatids separate, moving to opposite poles of the cell.

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Mitosis: Metaphase

Chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell, attached to spindle fibers, ensuring that each daughter cell receives a complete set of chromosomes.

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Mitosis: The outcome

The cell divides into two daughter cells, each with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell. This is essential for growth and repair.

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What happens if sister chromatids separate during meiosis I instead of II?

If sister chromatids separate during the first meiotic division, instead of the second, the resulting daughter cells would have the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell (diploid). This is because the chromosome number is not halved as it should be during the first meiotic division.

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How does meiosis contribute to genetic diversity?

Meiosis ensures genetic diversity by rearranging genetic material through synapsis and crossing over, independent assortment of chromosomes during both meiotic divisions, and ultimately, random fertilization.

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What is synapsis and why is it important in meiosis?

Synapsis involves pairing of homologous chromosomes during prophase I. This allows for crossing over, a crucial process where homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material, creating recombinant chromosomes.

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How does independent assortment contribute to genetic diversity?

During metaphase I of meiosis, the homologous pairs of chromosomes align randomly at the equator of the cell. This independent assortment ensures different combinations of maternal and paternal-derived chromosomes in daughter cells.

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Explain the role of random fertilization in generating diversity.

The random fusion of haploid gametes (egg and sperm) during fertilization produces a diploid zygote. Each gamete carries unique genetic combinations from meiosis, leading to an even greater variation in offspring.

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What is the significance of the reduction in chromosome number during meiosis?

Meiosis ensures that the daughter cells have half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. This is essential to maintain the correct chromosome number in sexually reproducing organisms. When these haploid gametes fuse, they restore the diploid number in the offspring.

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Why is genetic diversity essential for species survival?

Genetic diversity is fundamental to the survival of species. It provides variation that natural selection acts upon, allowing populations to adapt to changing environments and increase the likelihood of long-term survival.

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How does meiosis relate to evolution?

Meiosis contributes significantly to the evolution of species. It generates variation in offspring, which are then subjected to natural selection. This process drives evolutionary change over generations, allowing species to adapt and survive.

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Study Notes

8.2: Nuclear Division

  • The life cycle of a cell consists of three phases:
    • Nuclear division (mitosis or meiosis)
    • Cell division (cytokinesis)
    • Interphase (comprised of G1, S, and G2 subphases)
  • The length of the cell cycle varies depending on the type of cell and environmental conditions.

8.2.1: The Cell Cycle

  • The cell cycle is a dynamic process.
  • Cells reproduce when their surface area can no longer support the volume with nutrients and waste removal.
  • Interphase is the period between cell divisions involving three phases:
    • G1 phase (Gap 1): Cells grow in size, produce RNA, enzymes, and other proteins. This phase can last from several days to years depending on the cell type
    • S phase (Synthesis): DNA replication occurs to create enough material for two cells.
    • G2 phase (Gap 2): Cells continue to grow and synthesize proteins like tubulin for the mitotic spindle and repair any synthesis errors occurring in S phase.

The Cell Cycle

  • The cell cycle consists of three phases:
    • Interphase
      • G1 phase
      • S phase
      • G2 Phase
    • Nuclear Division (mitosis or meiosis)
    • Cell Division (cytokinesis)
  • The cell cycle length varies greatly depending on environmental conditions, cell type, and the organism.

Mitosis

  • Mitosis is significant in growth, replacement of cells, regeneration, asexual reproduction, and gamete production in plants.
  • Daughter cells produced via mitosis are genetically identical to the parent cell.
  • Key phases of mitosis include prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

8.2.2 Mitosis

  • Mitosis is a dynamic, continuous process, not discrete steps.
  • Mitosis is focused on the genetic material of the cell.
  • Prophase: Chromosomes coil and are distinct; the nuclear envelope disintegrates; centrosomes move apart; the spindle apparatus forms.
  • Metaphase: Chromosomes align at the metaphase plate.
  • Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate.
  • Telophase: Chromosomes decondense; nuclear envelopes reform; chromosomes begin to uncoil; two daughter cells are produced through cytokinesis.

Cytokinesis

  • Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm to create two daughter cells.
  • Animal cells: Cytokinesis occurs via a cleavage furrow that progressively pinches the cell into two equal halves.
  • Plant cells: A cell plate forms to divide the cytoplasm and construct a new cell wall.

Meiosis

  • Meiosis is a reduction division (2n to n) that produces gametes (sperm and egg cells) or spores.
  • Meiosis is essential for genetic variation in sexually-reproducing organisms.
  • Meiosis involves two nuclear divisions which are meiosis I and meiosis II.
  • Prophase I: Chromosomes condense, homologous chromosomes pair up, crossing over occurs forming chiasmata.
  • Metaphase I: Homologous chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate.
  • Anaphase I: Separation of homologous chromosomes, pulling them to opposite poles.
  • Telophase I & Cytokinesis: Chromosomes unwind partially, cytoplasm divides forming two haploid cells
  • Prophase II: Chromosomes condense and nuclear envelopes break down (if reforms).
  • Metaphase II: Individual chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate.
  • Anaphase II: Sister chromatids separate and migrate towards opposite poles individual chromosomes separate to opposite poles
  • Telophase II & Cytokinesis: Chromosomes decondense, nuclear envelopes reform. Cytoplasm completely divides forming four haploid cells.

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Topic 8.2 Nuclear Division PDF

Description

Test your knowledge of the cell cycle, including the G1, S, and G2 phases, as well as the process of meiosis. This quiz covers fundamental concepts such as chromosome behavior, the outcome of meiosis, and the roles of different cell cycle phases. Perfect for biology students looking to reinforce their understanding of cellular processes.

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