Cell Cycle: Interphase and Mitosis
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Questions and Answers

What occurs during the G1 stage of interphase?

  • Preparation for mitosis
  • DNA replication
  • Cytoplasmic division
  • Cell growth (correct)

    • Which phase is characterized by DNA and centrosome replication?

  • G2 Phase
  • S Phase (correct)
  • G1 Phase
  • M Phase

    • What is the role of the G0 Phase in interphase?

  • It acts as a resting phase. (correct)
  • It allows for DNA repair.
  • It increases mitosis rate.
  • It prepares the cell for cytokinesis.

    • What is a key feature of mitosis?

    <p>It helps in healing and repairing tissues. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about meiosis is correct?

    <p>It ensures genetic diversity in gametes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of the cell cycle does the cell prepare for mitosis?

    <p>G2 Phase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which of the following conditions may the cell enter the G0 Phase?

    <p>Nutritional deprivation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes meiosis from mitosis?

    <p>Mitosis involves one round of cell division. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary outcome of meiosis?

    <p>Four genetically different cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of meiosis is characterized by the separation of homologous chromosomes?

    <p>Anaphase I (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What helps hold sister chromatids together at the centromere during prophase?

    <p>Cohesin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage does the nucleolus disappear?

    <p>Mid prophase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process occurs to produce two identical nuclei in mitosis?

    <p>Chromosome segregation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of microtubules in prophase?

    <p>To help develop the mitotic spindle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which proteins assist in the condensation of chromosomes during early prophase?

    <p>Cohesin and condensin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What marks the beginning of the prometaphase stage?

    <p>The breakdown of the nucleolus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of microtubules during metaphase?

    <p>They align the chromosomes at the metaphase plate. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which checkpoint occurs before anaphase during metaphase?

    <p>Spindle checkpoint (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structural feature binds microtubules to chromosomes during metaphase?

    <p>Kinetochore (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stages do chromosomes condense and prepare for alignment?

    <p>Prophase and prometaphase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the chromosomes during the metaphase stage of cell division?

    <p>They align at the metaphase plate. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs to the nuclear envelope prior to metaphase?

    <p>It breaks down, releasing the chromosomes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of microtubules directly interact with chromosomes during metaphase?

    <p>Kinetochore microtubules (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the metaphase plate?

    <p>It is an imaginary plane where chromosomes align. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to sister chromatids during anaphase?

    <p>They are divided into two identical, independent chromosomes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do microtubules play during anaphase?

    <p>They form the mitotic spindle to separate chromosomes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which checkpoint must the cell pass before anaphase can begin?

    <p>Spindle formation checkpoint (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are the chromosomes aligned before anaphase begins?

    <p>Along the cell's equator on the metaphase plate. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the structure responsible for pulling chromatids to opposite ends during anaphase?

    <p>Mitotic spindle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the anaphase process in cell division?

    <p>It ensures equal distribution of genetic material to daughter cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is NOT associated with mitotic anaphase?

    <p>Nuclear envelope (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the centromeres during anaphase?

    <p>They break apart allowing chromatids to separate. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during anaphase in mitosis?

    <p>The sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In meiosis, what happens in anaphase 1?

    <p>Homologous chromosomes separate and move towards the poles. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes telophase in animal cells?

    <p>Chromosomes uncoil to form chromatin. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure forms during cytokinesis in animal cells?

    <p>Cleavage furrow. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During telophase in plant cells, what structure forms in the center of the cell?

    <p>Cell plate. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of cytokinesis following telophase?

    <p>Two identical daughter cells are formed. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between anaphase 1 and anaphase 2 in meiosis?

    <p>In anaphase 1, sister chromatids separate; in anaphase 2, homologous chromosomes separate. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do chromosomes behave during telophase?

    <p>They uncoil and form chromatin. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Interphase

    The longest phase of the cell cycle where the cell grows and prepares for division.

    G1 phase

    The first gap phase of interphase; cell growth.

    S phase

    Synthesis phase of interphase; DNA replication.

    G2 phase

    The second gap phase of interphase; Cell growth and final preparations for division.

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    G0 phase

    A resting phase within interphase where the cell may or may not enter, depending on factors like resources.

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    M phase

    The phase of the cell cycle where cell division (mitosis or meiosis) occurs.

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    Mitosis

    A type of cell division that produces two identical daughter cells.

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    Meiosis

    A type of cell division that produces gametes (sex cells) with half the number of chromosomes.

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    Kinetochore microtubules

    Microtubules that attach to chromosomes at the kinetochore.

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    Interpolar microtubules

    Microtubules that extend from one spindle pole to the other, helping to push and pull.

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    Astral microtubules

    Microtubules that radiate from the spindle poles, assisting in positioning.

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    Metaphase plate

    An imaginary plane where chromosomes line up during metaphase.

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    Spindle checkpoint

    A cell's check to ensure all chromosomes are correctly attached before division.

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    Kinetochore

    A protein patch on each sister chromatid for microtubule attachment.

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    Mitotic spindle

    Structure of microtubules that separates chromosomes during mitosis.

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    Meiosis Definition

    A cell division process where a single cell divides twice to create four cells with half the original genetic material.

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    Meiosis Stages

    Meiosis involves two rounds of cell division, meiosis I and meiosis II, each with four sub-stages.

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    Prophase (mitosis)

    The longest phase of mitosis, marked by chromosome condensation and spindle formation.

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    Prophase (mitosis) Early Stage

    Sister chromatids are joined at the centromere and held by binding proteins (cohesin and condensin).

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    Prophase (mitosis) Mid Stage

    Nucleolus disappears and microtubules start forming the mitotic spindle.

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    Prophase (mitosis) Late Stage/Prometaphase

    Nucleoli break down, spindle fibers reach chromosomes, and cell energy is focused on division.

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    Sister Chromatids

    Identical copies of a chromosome that are held together.

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    Centromere

    The region where sister chromatids connect.

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    Anaphase in Mitosis

    The stage in mitosis where sister chromatids separate and are pulled to opposite poles of the cell by shrinking kinetochore spindle fibers.

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    Anaphase I in Meiosis

    The first anaphase in meiosis where homologous chromosomes separate and move towards opposite poles of the cell.

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    Anaphase II in Meiosis

    The second anaphase in meiosis where sister chromatids separate and move towards opposite poles of the cell.

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    Telophase

    The final stage of mitosis where the cell finishes dividing and begins to rebuild its normal structure.

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    Telophase in Animal Cells

    During telophase in animal cells, chromosomes uncoil, nuclei form around them, and cytokinesis occurs with a cleavage furrow pinching the cell into two.

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    Telophase in Plant Cells

    During telophase in plant cells, chromosomes uncoil, nuclei form, and cytokinesis occurs with a cell plate forming in the middle and growing outwards to divide the cell.

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    Cytokinesis

    The division of the cytoplasm of a cell during telophase, resulting in two daughter cells.

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    Anaphase: What is it?

    The fourth stage of mitosis where duplicated chromosomes are split and pulled apart to opposite ends of the cell.

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    Centromere: Role?

    The specific DNA region where sister chromatids are joined and where spindle fibers attach.

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    Mitotic Spindle: Purpose?

    A structure made of microtubules that attach to centromeres and pull sister chromatids apart during anaphase.

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    Anaphase: Outcome?

    Each daughter cell receives a complete set of chromosomes, ensuring the genetic material is equally distributed.

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    Metaphase vs. Anaphase: Difference?

    Metaphase: Chromosomes align at the center; Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.

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    Anaphase: What happens to the cell?

    The cell elongates as the chromosomes move to opposite poles, preparing for the eventual division.

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    Anaphase and Telophase: Connection?

    Anaphase is followed by telophase, where the cell divides into two daughter cells, each with its own nucleus.

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    Study Notes

    Cell Cycle: Interphase

    • Interphase is the longest phase of the cell cycle, a period of active growth and function for the cell.
    • During interphase, the cell absorbs nutrients, produces and utilizes proteins, and prepares for cell division by replicating its DNA.
    • Interphase has three main stages: G1, S, and G2.
    • The G0 phase is a special stage within interphase; cells may or may not enter it. This is determined by internal and external factors, such as resource availability and nutritional status.

    Interphase Stages

    • G1 (Gap 1) phase: The cell grows in size. DNA is not duplicated in this stage.
    • S (Synthesis) phase: The cell's DNA and centrosomes are replicated.
    • G2 (Gap 2) phase: The cell grows larger and prepares for mitosis (cell division). The cell also double-checks the duplicated chromosomes for errors.

    Mitosis

    • Mitosis is a type of cell division that produces two identical daughter cells. It is used for growth, repair, and development of the body.
    • Mitosis occurs in somatic cells (body cells).

    Mitosis Stages (detailed)

    • Prophase: Chromosomes condense and become visible; the nuclear envelope begins to break down; the mitotic spindle forms.
    • Metaphase: Chromosomes align along the metaphase plate (an imaginary line in the middle of the cell).
    • Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of the cell.
    • Telophase: Chromosomes decondense; the nuclear envelope reforms; the mitotic spindle breaks down.
    • Cytokinesis: The cytoplasm divides, resulting in two separate daughter cells.

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    Mitosis, Meiosis, and Cell Cycle PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the key concepts of the cell cycle, focusing on the interphase stages: G1, S, and G2. Additionally, it explores the process of mitosis, highlighting its role in growth and development. Test your knowledge about this fundamental biological process!

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