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Questions and Answers
During which mitosis phase are chromosomes aligned at the metaphase plate?
What significant event occurs during the S phase of interphase?
Which phase follows the G2 phase in the cell cycle?
What occurs to the nuclear envelope during prophase?
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In which phase of cytokinesis do animal cells form a cleavage furrow?
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What occurs during the G2 phase of interphase?
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Which phase is characterized by the presence of sister chromatids?
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During which mitosis phase do chromosomes begin to de-condense back into chromatin?
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What is the main purpose of the G1 phase in interphase?
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What critical checkpoint occurs during the G1 phase?
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Study Notes
Mitosis Phases
-
Prophase
- Chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes.
- Centrioles move to opposite poles and form the spindle apparatus.
- Nuclear envelope begins to break down.
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Metaphase
- Chromosomes align at the metaphase plate (equatorial plane).
- Spindle fibers attach to the centromeres of the chromosomes.
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Anaphase
- Sister chromatids are pulled apart and move toward opposite poles.
- Cell elongation begins.
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Telophase
- Chromatids reach the poles and begin to de-condense.
- Nuclear envelope reforms around each set of chromosomes.
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Cytokinesis
- Division of the cytoplasm occurs.
- In animal cells, cleavage furrow forms; in plant cells, a cell plate forms.
Interphase
- The preparation phase for cell division.
- Divided into three sub-phases: G1, S, and G2.
S Phase (Synthesis Phase)
- DNA replication occurs, resulting in two sister chromatids for each chromosome.
- Ensures that each daughter cell receives an identical set of chromosomes.
G2 Phase (Gap 2 Phase)
- Final preparations for mitosis.
- Cell grows and produces proteins necessary for mitosis.
- Organelles are duplicated.
- Checks for DNA damage and ensures all DNA has been replicated before entering mitosis.
Mitosis Phases
-
Prophase
- Chromatin condenses into distinct, visible chromosomes.
- Centrioles migrate to opposite poles, forming the spindle apparatus.
- The nuclear envelope starts to disintegrate.
-
Metaphase
- Chromosomes align precisely at the metaphase plate, also known as the equatorial plane.
- Spindle fibers connect to the centromeres, securing chromosomes for separation.
-
Anaphase
- Sister chromatids are separated and drawn toward opposite poles of the cell.
- Initiation of cell elongation occurs, preparing for division.
-
Telophase
- Chromatids complete their journey to the poles and begin to de-condense back into chromatin.
- Nuclear envelopes reform around each set of separated chromosomes.
-
Cytokinesis
- Cytoplasmic division follows mitosis, ensuring equal distribution of organelles and materials.
- In animal cells, the cleavage furrow forms; in plant cells, a cell plate forms as they divide.
Interphase
- Preparation phase crucial for successful cell division, consisting of three sub-phases: G1, S, and G2.
S Phase (Synthesis Phase)
- The critical phase of DNA replication, ensuring each chromosome is represented as two sister chromatids.
- Guarantees identical genetic material is provided to each daughter cell.
G2 Phase (Gap 2 Phase)
- Final checks and preparations for mitosis occur, including cellular growth and protein synthesis essential for mitosis.
- Duplication of organelles takes place.
- A comprehensive check for DNA damage is performed, ensuring all DNA is replicated accurately before mitotic entry.
Mitosis Phases
-
Prophase
- Chromatin transforms into distinct, visible chromosomes.
- Breaks down of the nuclear envelope occurs.
- Formation of the mitotic spindle begins.
-
Metaphase
- Chromosomes align at the equatorial plane known as the metaphase plate.
- Attachment of spindle fibers to centromeres of chromosomes is established.
-
Anaphase
- Sister chromatids are separated and pulled to opposite poles of the cell.
- Each separated chromatid is recognized as an individual chromosome.
-
Telophase
- Chromosomes return to the less condensed chromatin state.
- Reformation of nuclear envelopes around each chromosome set occurs.
- Cytokinesis initiates, leading to cytoplasm division.
S Phase (Synthesis Phase)
- Occurs during Interphase, which is vital for cell preparation for division.
- DNA replication happens, leading to the creation of sister chromatids for each chromosome.
- Guarantees that each daughter cell receives an identical chromosome set following division.
G2 Phase (Gap 2 Phase)
- Comes after the S Phase in Interphase.
- The cell completes final preparations for mitosis, enhancing readiness for division.
- Continues cell growth and duplicates organelles.
- Features a checkpoint for DNA damage inspection and verifying complete replication prior to mitosis.
Interphase
- Represents the period where the cell spends the majority of its life cycle.
- Composed of three sub-phases: G1, S, and G2.
- Involves cell growth, DNA replication, and preparatory activities for division.
- While not directly involved in division, it is essential for successful mitosis.
G1 Phase (Gap 1 Phase)
- The initial phase of Interphase where cellular processes begin.
- Cell growth and protein synthesis for DNA replication occur.
- Organelles duplicate, and overall cell size increases.
- Contains a critical checkpoint assessing cell size, DNA integrity, and external conditions before advancing to the S Phase.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the phases of mitosis and interphase! This quiz covers the key stages of cell division, including prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis, as well as the interphase stages. Assess your understanding of the processes that lead to successful cell division and replication.
