Cell Cycle and Mitosis Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the function of the cell plate in plant cells during cell division?

  • To transport nutrients between daughter cells
  • To form a new cell wall that separates daughter cells (correct)
  • To replicate the genetic material of the cell
  • To absorb sunlight for photosynthesis

What does the term 'haploid' refer to in terms of chromosome sets?

  • A cell that has lost half of its chromosomes
  • A cell with two sets of chromosomes
  • A cell undergoing meiosis
  • A cell with one set of chromosomes (correct)

What is formed when the nuclei of male and female gametes fuse during fertilization?

  • A mature gamete
  • A diploid cell
  • A zygote (correct)
  • A haploid egg

Where does meiosis occur in humans?

<p>In reproductive organs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of meiosis in terms of chromosome number?

<p>It produces haploid gametes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes binary fission?

<p>It is the simplest form of reproduction. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the longest phase of the cell cycle?

<p>Interphase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase does DNA replication occur?

<p>S phase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are sister chromatids?

<p>Identical copies of a chromosome joined by a centromere. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process is responsible for cell division in prokaryotic cells?

<p>Binary fission (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the centromere play during cell division?

<p>It connects sister chromatids together. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of the cell cycle includes cell growth and functions aside from division?

<p>Interphase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of mitosis?

<p>To divide one cell into two identical cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of each homologous chromosome moving to an opposite pole during anaphase I?

<p>Each new cell will contain one member of the homologous pair. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of meiosis involves the formation of gametes from the resulting daughter cells?

<p>Meiosis II (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one significant difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis?

<p>Spermatogenesis produces four gametes at a time, while oogenesis produces only one functional egg. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many possible orientations can chromosomes have during meiosis due to the 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes in humans?

<p>8 million (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What marks the beginning of cytokinesis during meiosis?

<p>When chromosomes reach opposite poles in telophase I. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of meiosis?

<p>Sexual reproduction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of meiosis does crossing-over occur?

<p>Prophase I (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about meiotic division is true?

<p>Meiosis reduces chromosome number from diploid to haploid. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during random assortment in meiosis?

<p>Homologous chromosomes line up randomly at the cell equator. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cell undergoes meiosis?

<p>Germ cell (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of meiosis II?

<p>Four genetically diverse haploid cells are produced. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase occurs first during meiosis?

<p>Prophase I (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does crossing-over play in meiosis?

<p>It increases genetic variability among gametes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase do the chromosomes align at the equatorial plane?

<p>Metaphase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the chromatids during anaphase?

<p>They separate and become individual chromosomes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure forms during prophase and is essential for chromosome movement?

<p>Spindle apparatus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of cytokinesis in animal cells?

<p>Division of the cytoplasm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during telophase?

<p>Chromosomes condense into chromatin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is responsible for pinching the cell into two during cytokinesis in animal cells?

<p>Cleavage furrow (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the nuclear membrane during prophase of mitosis?

<p>It disappears from the cytoplasm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do centrosomes behave during mitosis?

<p>They move towards opposite ends of the cell (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is formed at the end of mitosis?

<p>Two identical daughter cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Binary Fission

The simplest and fastest way for prokaryotic cells to reproduce, where the parent cell divides into two equal daughter cells.

Mitosis

A type of cell division that produces two identical daughter cells from a single parent cell in eukaryotic organisms.

Cell Cycle

The repeating set of events that make up the life of a cell, from its formation to its division into two cells.

Interphase

The longest phase of the cell cycle, where a cell grows, replicates its DNA, and carries out its functions before dividing.

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S phase

The phase of interphase during which DNA is replicated. Sister chromatids are formed.

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Sister Chromatids

The two identical copies of a chromosome formed by DNA replication during the S phase of interphase.

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Chromosome

A structure made of DNA coiled around proteins, carrying genetic information.

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Centromere

The region of a chromosome that joins the two sister chromatids.

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Metaphase

Stage where chromosomes line up at the cell's center.

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Telophase

Final stage of mitosis; chromosomes uncoil, and new nuclei form.

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Cytokinesis

Division of the cytoplasm to form two separate cells.

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Chromatin

Uncoiled DNA material before mitosis.

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Spindle fibers

Protein fibers that move chromosomes during mitosis.

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What is a chromosome set?

The basic number of chromosomes in a cell, represented by 'n'.

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Haploid vs. Diploid

Haploid cell (1n) has one chromosome set, while a diploid cell (2n) has two chromosome sets.

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Gamete Number

Gametes (sperm & egg cells) are haploid, carrying only one chromosome set (1n).

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Fertilization

The fusion of a male gamete (sperm) and a female gamete (egg) to form a zygote.

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What happens in telophase I?

During telophase I, the chromosomes reach opposite poles of the cell, and cytokinesis begins, resulting in two new cells with the haploid number of chromosomes.

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What is the result of meiosis II?

Meiosis II produces four new cells called gametes.

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How is spermatogenesis different from oogenesis?

Spermatogenesis, the production of sperm, begins at puberty and results in four gametes. Oogenesis, egg production, starts in the uterus but stops during early stages.

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Anaphase I: What happens to the chromosomes?

In anaphase I, each homologous chromosome, consisting of two chromatids, moves to an opposite pole of the dividing cell, ensuring each new cell gets only one member of the pair.

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Why are there so many possible chromosome combinations?

Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, so the number of possible combinations is enormous, exceeding 8 million due to the independent assortment of chromosomes during meiosis.

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What does meiosis do to chromosomes?

Meiosis reduces the number of chromosomes from diploid to haploid. This means that the resulting cells have half the number of chromosomes as the original cell.

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How many cells does meiosis produce?

Meiosis starts with one diploid cell and produces four haploid cells. Each of these daughter cells has a unique combination of chromosomes.

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Why is meiosis important for sexual reproduction?

Meiosis is essential for sexual reproduction because it creates gametes (sperm and egg cells) that combine to form a new offspring with a unique genetic makeup.

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Where does meiosis occur?

Meiosis occurs in specialized cells called germ cells. These cells are present in the reproductive organs.

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When does crossing-over occur?

Crossing-over happens during prophase I of meiosis. This is when homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material, leading to new combinations of genes.

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What is random assortment?

Random assortment is the shuffling of maternal and paternal chromosomes during metaphase I of meiosis. This creates unique combinations of genes in each daughter cell.

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What's the purpose of crossing-over and random assortment?

Both processes are crucial for increasing genetic diversity within a species. This helps populations adapt to changing environments and survive.

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What is meiosis II?

Meiosis II is the second division of meiosis. It's very similar to mitosis and divides the sister chromatids into individual chromosomes.

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Study Notes

Cell Cycle and Mitosis

  • Kinds of cell division:
    • Binary fission (prokaryotic cells)
    • Mitosis (eukaryotic cells)
    • Meiosis (eukaryotic cells)

Binary Fission

  • Simplest and fastest form of reproduction in prokaryotes
  • Parent cell divides into two daughter cells of roughly equal size
  • Steps: DNA replication, cell elongation, formation of cell wall between chromosomes, cell splitting

Cell Division in Eukaryotic Cells

  • Cell cycle: repeating set of events from formation to division
  • Interphase (90% of cell cycle): time between divisions; growth, DNA replication, cell functions
  • Phases of interphase: G1 (growth), S (DNA synthesis), G2 (preparation for division).
  • Mitosis/Meiosis (10% of cell cycle)

Mitosis

  • Cell division for growth and repair
  • Two identical daughter cells resulting from one parent cell
  • Four main phases: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

Interphase

  • Period between cell divisions
  • Consists of G1, S, and G2 phases
  • Growth, DNA replication, and preparation for cell division occur during interphase.

Chromosome Structure

  • Chromosomes are structures containing DNA.
  • DNA is coiled around proteins.
  • DNA replicates (copies itself). In S phase, each chromosome becomes two sister chromatids joined together by a centromere.
  • Two identical copies of a chromosome are called 'sister chromatids'.

Stages of Mitosis

  • Prophase: Chromosomes condense, spindle fibers form, and the nuclear envelope breaks down.
  • Metaphase: Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell.
  • Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of the cell.
  • Telophase: Chromosomes decondense, nuclear envelopes reform, and the cell begins to divide.

Cytokinesis

  • Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells. In animal cells this is a cleavage furrow; in plant cells it's a cell plate.

Meiosis

  • Cell division that produces gametes (sperm and egg cells)
  • Key feature: reduces chromosome number from diploid (2n) to haploid (1n)
  • Two rounds of division (meiosis I and meiosis II)
  • Each offspring cell has half the chromosome number as the parent cell

Meiosis I

  • Prophase I: Homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange segments (crossing over).
  • Metaphase I: Homologous chromosome pairs line up at the cell's equator.
  • Anaphase I: Homologous chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles.
  • Telophase I: Chromosomes arrive at poles; two haploid cells are formed.

Meiosis II

  • Prophase II: Chromosomes condense in each of the two newly formed cells.
  • Metaphase II: Chromosomes line up at cell equator.
  • Anaphase II: Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.
  • Telophase II: Chromosomes arrive at poles; four haploid cells are formed; cytokinesis completes meiosis.

Differences Between Mitosis and Meiosis

  • Mitosis creates two diploid cells, meiosis creates four haploid cells.
  • Mitosis is involved in growth and repair, meiosis is for sexual reproduction.

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Cell Cycle and Mitosis Biology PDF

Description

Test your understanding of the cell cycle and its stages, including mitosis and binary fission. This quiz covers key concepts related to eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell division, as well as the phases of interphase. Dive deep into the mechanisms and importance of these processes in biology.

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