NCERT - Cell Cycle and Cell Division Quiz- 24 - 25
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Questions and Answers

What occurs during anaphase I of meiosis?

  • Centromeres split and chromatids move to the spindle equator.
  • Homologous chromosomes move to opposite poles. (correct)
  • Crossing over between homologous chromosomes occurs.
  • Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.

    • How does cytokinesis in plant cells primarily differ from that in animal cells?

  • Plant cells form a cleavage furrow, while animal cells develop a cell plate. (correct)
  • Animal cells form a cell plate, while plant cells use blebbing.
  • Plant cells undergo binary fission, while animal cells form daughter cells.
  • Animal cells use microtubules to form a cell wall, while plant cells do not.

    • What is the significance of meiosis?

  • Meiosis produces haploid cells, contributing to genetic variation. (correct)
  • Meiosis is essential for repair of damaged tissues.
  • Meiosis allows for the duplication of chromosomes.
  • Meiosis enables cells to replicate without division.

    • What happens during anaphase II of meiosis?

    <p>Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of the cell cycle is characterized by chromosomes being moved to the spindle equator?

    <p>Metaphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary process through which all cells reproduce?

    <p>Mitosis followed by cytokinesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

    <p>S phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the duration of a typical cell cycle for human cells in culture?

    <p>24 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ensures the correct division and formation of progeny cells?

    <p>Coordinated DNA replication, cell growth, and division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What controls the sequence of events in cell division?

    <p>Genetic factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of organism can complete a cell cycle in approximately 90 minutes?

    <p>Yeast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is formed by the growth and division of a single parental cell?

    <p>A new cell population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process follows DNA replication in the cell cycle?

    <p>Distribution of replicated chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the leptotene stage of prophase I?

    <p>Chromosomes become gradually visible and compacted.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary feature of the zygotene stage in prophase I?

    <p>Formation of bivalents through synapsis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during the pachytene stage of prophase I?

    <p>Recombination nodules appear.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes diplotene?

    <p>The synaptonemal complex dissolves and chiasmata form.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the complex formed by a pair of synapsed homologous chromosomes?

    <p>Bivalent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of crossing over during pachytene?

    <p>It facilitates the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What critical event marks the end of diakinesis?

    <p>Disappearance of the nucleolus and breakdown of nuclear envelope.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long can diplotene last in some vertebrate oocytes?

    <p>Months or years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of karyokinesis in cell division?

    <p>Segregation of duplicated chromosomes into daughter nuclei</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do plant cells achieve cytokinesis?

    <p>By way of a cell-plate that grows outward</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the process of cytokinesis in animal cells?

    <p>Formation of a furrow in the plasma membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the metaphase plate?

    <p>The alignment of chromosomes at the equator of the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common feature of cytokinesis in both plant and animal cells?

    <p>Distribution of organelles between daughter cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which event does NOT occur during anaphase?

    <p>Chromosomes condense into visible structures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of mitosis in the life of an organism?

    <p>To segregate chromosomes and complete cell division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following options describes a condition that results from the absence of cytokinesis?

    <p>Syncytium formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs at the onset of telophase?

    <p>Chromosomes decondense and lose their individuality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure reforms during the telophase of mitosis?

    <p>Nuclear envelope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase do chromatids move towards opposite poles?

    <p>Anaphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells typically do not undergo mitosis?

    <p>Gametes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the arrangement of chromosomes during metaphase?

    <p>Chromosomes align along the metaphase plate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a key feature of anaphase?

    <p>Chromosomes align at the equator.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fate of chromosomes at the end of telophase?

    <p>They decondense and their individuality is lost.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature is associated with kinetochores during metaphase?

    <p>They attach spindle fibers to chromatids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of meiosis?

    <p>To conserve chromosome number across generations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during interkinesis?

    <p>There is no DNA replication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does prophase II of meiosis differ from prophase I?

    <p>Prophase II does not involve DNA replication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a result of cytokinesis following telophase II?

    <p>Formation of tetrad of cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is genetic variability important in a population?

    <p>It is crucial for the process of evolution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Anaphase II, what initiates the movement of sister chromatids toward opposite poles?

    <p>Splitting of the centromere.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase does DNA synthesis or replication occur?

    <p>S phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The M phase lasts longer than the interphase in a typical human cell cycle.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary process that occurs during karyokinesis?

    <p>Separation of daughter chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The phase that corresponds to cell growth and preparation for division is called __________.

    <p>interphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following phases is NOT part of interphase?

    <p>M phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following phases of interphase with their descriptions:

    <p>G1 phase = Cell grows and metabolically active S phase = DNA synthesis occurs G2 phase = Preparation for mitosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chloroplasts are involved in DNA replication during the S phase.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What remains the same after the S phase regarding chromosome number?

    <p>The number of chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the sequence of events that a cell goes through to duplicate its genome and divide into two daughter cells?

    <p>Cell cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    DNA synthesis occurs during multiple stages of the cell cycle.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must occur in a coordinated way during cell division to ensure the correct formation of progeny cells?

    <p>Cell division, DNA replication, and cell growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A single cell can form a structure consisting of millions of cells through cycles of growth and __________.

    <p>division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of organism can complete a cell cycle in about 90 minutes?

    <p>Yeast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms related to the cell cycle:

    <p>Cell division = Produces two daughter cells DNA replication = Copies genetic material Cell growth = Increases cell size Cell cycle = Sequence of events leading to division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cell growth is a discontinuous process that occurs only at specific times during the cell cycle.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of genetic control during cell division?

    <p>To regulate the sequence of events that ensure correct division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of cytokinesis in cell division?

    <p>Segregation of cytoplasm into daughter cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cytokinesis is the process that only occurs in animal cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure is formed in plant cells during cytokinesis?

    <p>Cell plate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In animal cells, cytokinesis is achieved by the appearance of a ______ in the plasma membrane.

    <p>furrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes a feature of karyokinesis?

    <p>Segregation of chromosomes into daughter nuclei</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of mitosis is only relevant to diploid cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following processes with their corresponding descriptions:

    <p>Cytokinesis = Division of cytoplasm Karyokinesis = Division of nucleus Cell plate formation = Cytokinesis in plant cells Furrow formation = Cytokinesis in animal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of mitosis in the life of an organism?

    <p>It allows for growth and tissue repair.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure is formed by a pair of synapsed homologous chromosomes?

    <p>Bivalent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Crossing over occurs during the diplotene phase.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the enzyme recombinase during meiosis?

    <p>To facilitate crossing over between homologous chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the diakinesis phase, the chromosomes are fully __________.

    <p>condensed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the prophase I stages with their key characteristics:

    <p>Leptotene = Chromosomes become visible under light microscope Zygotene = Pairing of homologous chromosomes begins Pachytene = Recombination nodules appear Diplotene = Dissolution of the synaptonemal complex Diakinesis = Fully condensed chromosomes prepare for metaphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the X-shaped structures formed at chiasmata?

    <p>Bivalents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The synaptonemal complex dissolves during the pachytene phase.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs at the end of diakinesis?

    <p>The nucleolus disappears and the nuclear envelope breaks down.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phase of the cell cycle is primarily characterized by DNA replication?

    <p>S phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mitosis results in a reduction of the chromosome number by half.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the four stages of mitosis.

    <p>prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Meiosis introduces genetic variability through the process of __________.

    <p>crossing over</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the phases of meiosis with their characteristics:

    <p>Meiosis I = Reduction division Meiosis II = Equational division Prophase I = Homologous chromosomes pair and crossing over occurs Anaphase I = Homologous chromosomes separate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase do sister chromatids move towards opposite poles in mitosis?

    <p>Anaphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cytokinesis occurs before the completion of mitosis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The first stage of prophase I in meiosis is called __________.

    <p>leptotene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of meiosis involves the separation of sister chromatids?

    <p>Anaphase II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Meiosis results in the formation of two diploid cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ________ phase is where pairing between homologous chromosomes occurs during meiosis.

    <p>zygotene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following phases of meiosis with their characteristics:

    <p>Prophase I = Homologous chromosomes pair and exchange segments. Anaphase I = Homologous chromosomes separate to opposite poles. Telophase II = Nuclear envelope reforms around four haploid cells. Metaphase II = Chromosomes line up at the spindle equator individually.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process occurs only during one specific stage in the cell cycle?

    <p>DNA replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cell division occurs continuously throughout the cell cycle.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the sequence of events by which a cell duplicates its genome and divides?

    <p>Cell cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A typical eukaryotic cell cycle, such as human cells, divides approximately every __________ hours.

    <p>24</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the phases of the cell cycle with their descriptions:

    <p>G1 Phase = Cell growth before DNA synthesis S Phase = DNA replication occurs G2 Phase = Preparation for mitosis M Phase = Actual cell division occurs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the characteristics of cells in the biological context?

    <p>Cells can reproduce</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cell growth occurs in a coordinated way with DNA synthesis during the cell cycle.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the duration of the cell cycle vary among different organisms?

    <p>The duration of the cell cycle varies based on organism type and cell type.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of spindle fibres during metaphase?

    <p>To attach to the kinetochores of chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During anaphase, centromeres of chromosomes split and chromatids move towards the same pole.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs to chromosomes at the beginning of telophase?

    <p>They decondense and lose their individuality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The plane of alignment of chromosomes during metaphase is referred to as the __________.

    <p>metaphase plate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following stages of mitosis with their key events:

    <p>Metaphase = Chromosomes align at the metaphase plate Anaphase = Chromatids move to opposite poles Telophase = Chromosomes decondense and lose individuality Cytokinesis = Division of the cytoplasm occurs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which event does NOT characterize metaphase?

    <p>Chromatids are separated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The chromosomes can still be seen as discrete elements at the end of telophase.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do we call the chromosomes that result from the separation of sister chromatids?

    <p>Daughter chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following events occurs during prophase?

    <p>Chromosomal material condenses to form mitotic chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The centrosome begins to move towards opposite poles of the cell during metaphase.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary feature of chromosomes that are observed during metaphase?

    <p>Chromosomes consisting of two sister chromatids held together by the centromere.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells are produced at the end of meiosis II?

    <p>Haploid cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process in which chromosomal material becomes untangled is known as __________.

    <p>chromatin condensation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the stage of karyokinesis with its characteristic feature:

    <p>Prophase = Chromosomes begin to condense and become visible Metaphase = Chromosomes align at the equatorial plane Anaphase = Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles Telophase = Nuclear envelope reforms around separated chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Meiosis includes two rounds of cell division without a prior replication of DNA.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of meiosis in sexual reproduction?

    <p>To produce haploid gametes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is formed by the attachment of microtubules during prophase?

    <p>Spindle apparatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Meiosis leads to the formation of __________ cells at the end of meiosis II.

    <p>four haploid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During prophase, the Golgi complexes and nucleolus are visible under the microscope.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of kinetochores during metaphase?

    <p>They are small disc-shaped structures at the surface of the centromeres.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the phases of meiosis with their descriptions:

    <p>Prophase I = Pairing of homologous chromosomes and recombination Metaphase I = Homologous chromosomes align at the center Anaphase I = Homologous chromosomes separate to opposite poles Telophase II = Formation of four haploid daughter cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase does crossing over occur in meiosis?

    <p>Prophase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cells produced by mitosis have half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key feature distinguishes meiosis from mitosis?

    <p>Meiosis involves pairing of homologous chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct order of the phases of mitosis?

    <p>Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Meiosis results in daughter cells with the same chromosome number as the parent cell.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during the S phase of the cell cycle?

    <p>DNA replication and chromosome duplication occur.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process by which a single-celled zygote develops into a mature organism is called __________.

    <p>cell division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of interphase is primarily focused on organelle duplication and cell growth?

    <p>G1 phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cytokinesis is the process that divides the nucleus of a cell.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary occurrence at the end of mitosis?

    <p>Cytokinesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cytokinesis occurs through the formation of a cell plate in both plant and animal cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is karyokinesis?

    <p>The segregation of duplicated chromosomes into daughter nuclei.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In plant cells, cytokinesis is achieved by the formation of a __________.

    <p>cell plate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Nuclear envelope = Develops around chromosome clusters at each pole Cytokinesis = Division of the cytoplasm to form two daughter cells Cell plate = Precursor to the cell wall in plant cells Karyokinesis = Segregation of chromosomes into daughter nuclei</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs in animal cells during cytokinesis?

    <p>Furrow formation in the plasma membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mitosis is typically limited to diploid cells only.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to organelles during cytokinesis?

    <p>They get distributed between the two daughter cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many chromosomes will each cell have at G1 phase if the content after M phase is 2C?

    <p>16 chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All cells in adult animals continuously undergo mitosis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stage of the cell cycle do cells enter if they exit G1 and do not proliferate further?

    <p>quiescent stage (G0)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In animals, mitotic cell division primarily occurs in __________ cells.

    <p>diploid somatic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about mitosis is true?

    <p>Mitosis maintains the same chromosome number between parent and daughter cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Plants can exhibit mitotic divisions in both haploid and diploid cells.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of mitosis in terms of cell division?

    <p>to produce two genetically identical daughter cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Meiosis includes two cycles of nuclear division followed by two cycles of DNA replication.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the chromosome number during meiosis?

    <p>It is reduced by half.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Meiosis I and meiosis II result in __________ haploid daughter cells.

    <p>four</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements correctly describes prophase I of meiosis?

    <p>It involves the shuffling of genetic material.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Meiosis results in identical haploid daughter cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of mitosis in organisms?

    <p>Cell repair, growth, and replacement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of metaphase in cell division?

    <p>Chromosomes align along the metaphase plate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Anaphase is characterized by the attachment of spindle fibers to kinetochores.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to chromosomes at the onset of telophase?

    <p>They decondense and lose their individuality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During __________, chromatids are separated and move to opposite poles.

    <p>anaphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the phases of cell division with their key features.

    <p>Metaphase = Chromosomes align along the metaphase plate Anaphase = Chromatids move towards opposite poles Telophase = Chromosomes decondense and lose individuality Interphase = Cell grows and prepares for division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At the end of telophase, chromosomes are clearly visible as distinct entities.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ is the plane where chromosomes align during metaphase.

    <p>metaphase plate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the complex formed by a pair of synapsed homologous chromosomes?

    <p>Bivalent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During diplotene, chiasmata disappear as homologous chromosomes separate completely.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process occurs at the recombination nodules during the pachytene stage?

    <p>Crossing over</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____ stage of prophase I is marked by fully condensed chromosomes and prepared meiotic spindle.

    <p>diakinesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of prophase I is characterized by the pairing of homologous chromosomes?

    <p>Zygotene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following stages of prophase I with their key features:

    <p>Leptotene = Chromosomes become visible and compact Zygotene = Homologous chromosomes pair up Pachytene = Crossing over occurs Diplotene = Chiasmata form and some separation occurs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The synaptonemal complex is dissolved during the diakinesis stage.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of meiosis do homologous chromosomes separate?

    <p>Anaphase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    DNA replication occurs during interkinesis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of cytokinesis following meiosis II?

    <p>Four haploid daughter cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At the end of telophase II, a __________ of cells is formed.

    <p>tetrad</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of meiosis II resembles normal mitosis?

    <p>Prophase II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The nuclear membrane and nucleolus reappear during telophase I.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of mitosis?

    <p>To conserve the chromosome number in daughter cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cell division occurs only during the reproductive phase of an organism's life cycle.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During _____, DNA replication and chromosome duplication occur.

    <p>S phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of the cell cycle is characterized by cell growth and normal metabolism?

    <p>G1 phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cytokinesis is the process that occurs during the M phase of the cell cycle.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during prophase of mitosis?

    <p>Chromosome condensation, nuclear envelope breakdown, centrioles move to opposite poles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of karyokinesis involves the condensation of chromosomal material?

    <p>Prophase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The nuclear envelope is intact during metaphase.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two structures that hold sister chromatids together?

    <p>Centromere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During prophase, the centrosome begins to move toward opposite __________ of the cell.

    <p>poles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following phases of karyokinesis with their characteristics:

    <p>Prophase = Chromosomes condense and centrosomes move apart Metaphase = Chromosomes align at the cell equator Anaphase = Sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles Telophase = Nuclear envelope reforms around separated chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structures radiate out from centrosomes during prophase?

    <p>Microtubules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chromosomes can be observed clearly under the microscope during prophase.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is marked by the complete disintegration of the nuclear envelope?

    <p>Metaphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the nucleolus during mitosis?

    <p>It reforms after the division.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cytokinesis occurs in both plant and animal cells in the same manner.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the precursor that forms during cytokinesis in plant cells?

    <p>cell-plate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In animals, cytokinesis is characterized by the appearance of a __________ in the plasma membrane.

    <p>furrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms related to mitosis with their definitions:

    <p>Karyokinesis = Division of the nucleus Cytokinesis = Division of the cytoplasm Cell-plate = Structure that forms in plant cells during cytokinesis Syncytium = Multinucleated condition due to absence of cytokinesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements correctly describes the process of cytokinesis?

    <p>It results in the formation of two separate cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In some cases, karyokinesis can occur without cytokinesis.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main significance of mitosis for organisms?

    <p>Cell division for growth and repair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during metaphase?

    <p>Chromosomes align along the metaphase plate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During anaphase, chromatids are separated and move towards opposite poles.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe the plane where chromosomes align during metaphase?

    <p>metaphase plate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At the beginning of telophase, the chromosomes __________ and lose their individuality.

    <p>decondense</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following events is NOT a characteristic of anaphase?

    <p>Chromosomes align at the metaphase plate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following stages of mitosis with their descriptions:

    <p>Metaphase = Chromosomes align at the equator. Anaphase = Chromatids move to opposite poles. Telophase = Chromosomes decondense. Prophase = Chromosomes become visible and the nuclear membrane breaks down.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chromosomes can be seen as discrete elements during telophase.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the daughter chromatids referred to after the onset of anaphase?

    <p>daughter chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main outcome of meiosis?

    <p>Production of haploid cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Meiosis involves a single cycle of nuclear and cell division.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the cell division process that produces gametes?

    <p>Meiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During meiosis, __________ is responsible for reducing the chromosome number by half.

    <p>meiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many haploid cells are produced at the end of meiosis II?

    <p>Four</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mitosis and meiosis both result in diploid daughter cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main phases of meiosis called?

    <p>Meiosis I and Meiosis II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes anaphase I of meiosis?

    <p>Homologous chromosomes separate to opposite poles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Telophase I is characterized by the separation of sister chromatids.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during cytokinesis in animal cells?

    <p>The formation of a cleavage furrow that leads to the separation of the daughter cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At the end of meiosis, ______ haploid cells are formed.

    <p>four</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following stages of the cell cycle with their descriptions:

    <p>Interphase = The cell grows and DNA is replicated Mitosis = Division of the nucleus Cytokinesis = Division of the cytoplasm Meiosis = Specialized form of cell division producing gametes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of microtubules during metaphase II?

    <p>They attach to the kinetochores of sister chromatids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Meiosis results in a reduction of chromosome number, creating ________ daughter cells.

    <p>haploid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of meiosis in sexually reproducing organisms?

    <p>It increases genetic variability in populations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The chromosomes reach their fully elongated state during prophase II.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase do sister chromatids move toward opposite poles?

    <p>Anaphase II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the sequence of events called that allows a cell to duplicate its genome and divide into two daughter cells?

    <p>Cell Cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cell growth and DNA replication occur simultaneously during the cell cycle.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the cell cycle duration is attributed to interphase?

    <p>More than 95%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the M phase in the cell cycle?

    <p>Cell division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The M Phase of the cell cycle is when DNA replication occurs.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three phases of interphase?

    <p>G1 phase, S phase, G2 phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the cell cycle, DNA synthesis occurs specifically during the __________ phase.

    <p>S</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the S phase, the amount of DNA per cell increases from ____ to ____.

    <p>2C to 4C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following cellular events to their corresponding actions in the cell cycle:

    <p>DNA Replication = S phase Cell Division = M phase Cell Growth = G1 and G2 phases Preparation for Next Division = G2 phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the role of genetic control during cell division?

    <p>It regulates the sequence of cell division events.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What marks the end of the M Phase?

    <p>Cytoplasmic division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Yeast cells can complete their cell cycle in about 90 minutes.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the phases of interphase with their characteristics:

    <p>G1 Phase = Cell growth and metabolism S Phase = DNA replication occurs G2 Phase = Preparation for mitosis Interphase = Phase between two M phases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are daughter cells?

    <p>Cells that result from the division of a parental cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Karyokinesis occurs before cytokinesis.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'cytokinesis' refer to?

    <p>The division of the cytoplasm during cell division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during metaphase in cell division?

    <p>Chromosomes align along the metaphase plate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In anaphase, chromatids move towards the same pole of the cell.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure provides the attachment for spindle fibers to chromosomes during metaphase?

    <p>kinetochore</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During telophase, chromosomes cluster at __________ spindle poles.

    <p>opposite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the stages of cell division with their key events:

    <p>Metaphase = Chromosomes align at the metaphase plate Anaphase = Chromatids move toward opposite poles Telophase = Chromosomes decondense and lose individuality Karyokinesis = Division of the cell nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary event that occurs at the onset of anaphase?

    <p>Centromeres split and chromatids separate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chromatids lose their individuality and become visible during telophase.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is referred to as the metaphase plate?

    <p>The plane where chromosomes align during metaphase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process that divides the cytoplasm into two daughter cells called?

    <p>Cytokinesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Animal cells undergo cytokinesis by forming a cell plate.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What forms in the center of a plant cell during cytokinesis?

    <p>Cell plate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During mitosis, the __________ develops around chromosome clusters at each pole.

    <p>nuclear envelope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of cells with their cytokinesis mechanism:

    <p>Animal cells = Furrow formation Plant cells = Cell plate formation Some lower plants = Haploid mitosis Insects = Haploid mitosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelles are distributed between daughter cells during cytokinesis?

    <p>Mitochondria and plastids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Karyokinesis is always followed by cytokinesis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is referred to as the 'middle lamella' between the walls of two adjacent plant cells during cytokinesis?

    <p>Cell plate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of meiosis does the centromere split and sister chromatids separate?

    <p>Anaphase II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Meiosis results in the production of diploid cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the quiescent phase of the cell cycle called?

    <p>G0 phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In telophase I, the __________ membrane reappears.

    <p>nuclear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following processes involves the reduction of chromosome number by half?

    <p>Meiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During meiosis I, the process includes a single cycle of DNA replication.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is produced at the end of meiosis II?

    <p>Four haploid cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Meiosis ensures the production of __________ in the life cycle of sexually reproducing organisms.

    <p>haploid phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following phases of meiosis with their respective stages:

    <p>Prophase I = Typically longer and complex compared to prophase of mitosis Anaphase I = Homologous chromosomes are pulled apart Telophase II = Formation of four separate cell nuclei Metaphase II = Chromosomes align along the equatorial plate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Meiosis includes one cycle of DNA replication followed by two rounds of cell division.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Interphase lasts for less than 5% of the duration of the cell cycle.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main phases of the cell cycle?

    <p>Interphase and M Phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The division of the cytoplasm at the end of mitosis is called __________.

    <p>cytokinesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following interphase phases with their descriptions:

    <p>G1 phase = Cell grows and metabolically active S phase = DNA synthesis occurs G2 phase = Preparation for mitosis M Phase = Actual cell division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long does cell division (M Phase) typically last in a human cell cycle?

    <p>1 hour</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During interphase, the cell is in a resting state and does not grow.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'karyokinesis' refer to in the context of the cell cycle?

    <p>Nuclear division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of karyokinesis is marked by chromosome condensation and the formation of the mitotic apparatus?

    <p>Prophase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During metaphase, chromosomes are held together by the centrosome.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What event marks the beginning of metaphase?

    <p>Complete disintegration of the nuclear envelope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During prophase, each chromosome is composed of two ________ connected at the centromere.

    <p>chromatids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure is formed by the duplication of the centrosome during interphase?

    <p>Aster</p> Signup and view all the answers

    By the end of prophase, Golgi complexes and the nuclear envelope are visible under a microscope.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are disc-shaped structures at the surface of the centromeres called?

    <p>Kinetocores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to chromosomes during anaphase?

    <p>Chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During metaphase, each chromatid is connected to spindle fibres from the same pole.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During telophase, chromosomes begin to ________ and lose their individuality.

    <p>decondense</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following events with their respective phases in mitosis:

    <p>Metaphase = Chromatids align along the metaphase plate Anaphase = Chromatids separate and move to opposite poles Telophase = Chromosomes decondense and lose individuality Prophase = Chromosomes become visible and nuclear envelope breaks down</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which key event occurs at the onset of anaphase?

    <p>Centromeres split and chromatids separate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chromosomes are still visible as discrete elements at the start of telophase.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the chromatids at the metaphase plate?

    <p>They are aligned and attached to spindle fibres.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage are homologous chromosomes paired together?

    <p>Zygotene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Crossing over occurs during leptotene.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the structures called that form where crossing over occurs?

    <p>Chiasmata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The first phase of prophase I is called ________.

    <p>Leptotene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the phases of prophase I with their characteristics:

    <p>Leptotene = Chromosomes become visible Zygotene = Homologous chromosomes pair and synapse Pachytene = Recombination nodules appear Diplotene = Synaptonemal complex dissolves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the complex formed by a pair of synapsed homologous chromosomes called?

    <p>Bivalent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Diakinesis is the last stage of prophase I, marked by the chromosomes being fully condensed.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enzyme mediates the process of crossing over?

    <p>Recombinase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure reforms during telophase?

    <p>Nuclear envelope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cytokinesis occurs in the same way for both plant and animal cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of cytokinesis?

    <p>To divide the cytoplasm and complete cell division.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In plant cells, cytokinesis starts with the formation of a __________.

    <p>cell plate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organisms can undergo mitosis with haploid cells?

    <p>Some lower plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mitosis is only essential for diploid cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to organelles like mitochondria during cytokinesis?

    <p>They get distributed between the two daughter cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase are sister chromatids separated?

    <p>Anaphase II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cytokinesis occurs simultaneously with karyokinesis during cell division.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At the end of meiosis, four __________ cells are formed.

    <p>haploid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms related to meiosis with their descriptions:

    <p>Synapsis = Pairing of homologous chromosomes Bivalent = Structure formed by a pair of homologous chromosomes Chiasmata = Points where homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material Crossing Over = Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During metaphase, chromosomes lose their individuality.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the start of anaphase?

    <p>Centromeres split and chromatids separate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In telophase, each set of chromatin material tends to gather at the equator.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to chromosomes as they move toward the poles during anaphase?

    <p>The centromeres remain directed toward the poles, with the chromosome arms trailing behind.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase are proteins synthesized in preparation for mitosis?

    <p>G2 phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All cells in adult animals continue to divide frequently.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many chromosomes does each cell have after M phase if it started with 16 chromosomes?

    <p>16</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cells that do not divide further exit G1 phase to enter the ______ stage of the cell cycle.

    <p>quiescent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following phases of the cell cycle with their characteristics:

    <p>G1 phase = Cell growth and preparation for DNA replication S phase = DNA synthesis occurs G2 phase = Preparation for mitosis and protein synthesis M phase = Division of the cell's nucleus and cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In animals, haploid cells are typically produced in which of the following instances?

    <p>When producing male honey bees</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The M phase is a prolonged phase where most metabolic activity occurs.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the DNA content of the cells at G1 phase if the content after M phase is 2C?

    <p>C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In plant cells, cytokinesis occurs by the formation of a furrow in the plasma membrane.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the division of cytoplasm in cell division?

    <p>cytokinesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In some organisms, karyokinesis does not follow __________, resulting in multinucleate cells.

    <p>cytokinesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following processes with their associated cells:

    <p>Cytokinesis = Animal cells Cell plate formation = Plant cells Mitochondria distribution = Both types of cells Nuclear envelope reforming = Both types of cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates cytokinesis in animal cells?

    <p>Deepening of a furrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Haploid cells cannot undergo mitosis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of mitosis for an organism?

    <p>It allows for growth, tissue repair, and asexual reproduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mitosis involves two sequential cycles of division.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the production of gametes?

    <p>gametogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During meiosis, the chromosome number is reduced by half, resulting in __________ cells.

    <p>haploid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of meiosis is characterized by the crossing over of chromosome segments?

    <p>Prophase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Meiosis results in four diploid daughter cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structures are formed during the zygotene stage as chromosomes pair together?

    <p>Tetrads</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The diplotene stage is marked by the formation of chiasmata as recombined homologous chromosomes separate from each other.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during prophase I?

    <p>Crossing over</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the _______ stage, the chromosomes become fully condensed and the meiotic spindle is assembled.

    <p>diakinesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is involved in the process of crossing over?

    <p>Recombinase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase precedes metaphase I in meiosis?

    <p>Diakinesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Recombination between homologous chromosomes is completed by the end of luminance.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cytokinesis is the process in which sister chromatids separate during cell division.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term refers to the phase where chromosomal pairing occurs during meiosis?

    <p>synapsis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In anaphase II, sister chromatids are __________.

    <p>separated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following stages of the cell cycle with their key events:

    <p>Interphase = Preparation for mitosis Mitosis = Division of the nucleus Cytokinesis = Division of the cytoplasm Meiosis = Formation of haploid cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cell Cycle and Cell Division

    • All organisms, even the largest, begin as a single cell
    • Growth and reproduction are characteristics of cells
    • Cells reproduce by dividing into two daughter cells
    • Cycles of growth and division allow a single cell to form a structure consisting of millions of cells
    • Cell division is a vital process in living organisms
    • DNA replication and cell growth occur during cell division
    • These processes must take place in a coordinated manner to ensure correct division and formation of complete progeny cells
    • Cell cycle describes the sequence of events where a cell duplicates its genome, synthesizes other cellular components, and divides into two daughter cells
    • Although cell growth is continuous, DNA synthesis only happens during a specific stage in the cell cycle
    • Replicated chromosomes are distributed to daughter nuclei during cell division
    • These events are controlled by genes

    Cell Cycle Phases

    • Interphase: The period between two successive M phases
      • G₁ phase (Gap 1): Metabolically active, cell growth, no DNA replication
      • S phase (Synthesis): DNA replication, DNA content doubles (2n to 4n chromatids) without changing the chromosome number
      • G₂ phase (Gap 2): Protein synthesis, cell growth continues
    • M phase (Mitosis): Actual cell division
      • Karyokinesis (nuclear division): Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
      • Cytokinesis (cytoplasmic division): Forms two daughter cells

    Mitosis Phases

    • Prophase:
      • Chromosomes condense
      • Centrioles move to opposite poles
      • Spindle fibers form
      • Nuclear envelope breaks down
    • Metaphase:
      • Chromosomes align at the metaphase plate
      • Spindle fibers attach to kinetochores
    • Anaphase:
      • Centromeres split, sister chromatids separate
      • Chromatids move to opposite poles
    • Telophase:
      • Chromosomes reach poles, decondense, and become less visible
      • Nuclear envelope reforms
      • Nucleolus reappears
    • Cytokinesis: Cytoplasm divides, forming two daughter cells

    Meiosis

    • Meiosis I and II: Two sequential cycles of nuclear and cell division involved in sexual reproduction
    • Meiosis I:
      • Prophase I: More complex and longer than prophase in mitosis. Includes leptotene, zygotene (synapsis), pachytene (crossing over), diplotene, and diakinesis. Formation of bivalents / tetrads.
      • Metaphase I: Bivalents align along the metaphase plate
      • Anaphase I: Homologous chromosomes separate
      • Telophase I: Chromosomes reach poles, nuclear membrane reforms, cytokinesis occurs
    • Meiosis II: Similar to mitosis, separates sister chromatids
      • Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II

    Significance of Mitosis and Meiosis

    • Mitosis: Cell growth, repair, asexual reproduction in some organisms
    • Meiosis: Formation of gametes (sex cells), reduces chromosome number by half, introduces genetic variability within populations

    Additional Considerations

    • Significance of Cell Cycle: Essential for growth, repair, and the continuity of life in organisms.
    • Cell quiescence: Some cells exit the cell cycle and become inactive.
    • Haploid cells division: Mitotic divisions can occur in haploid cells as well in some organisms.
    • Cell division differences between plants and animals: Cytokinesis mechanism differs

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    Cell Cycle and Cell Division PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the cell cycle and cell division processes! This quiz covers key concepts such as interphase, DNA replication, and the stages involved in cell division. Perfect for biology students seeking to understand cellular mechanisms in depth.

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