Cell Connections and Epithelial Tissue
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Cell Connections and Epithelial Tissue

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of desmosomes in the skin?

  • They connect adjacent cells and provide mechanical stability. (correct)
  • They facilitate nutrient absorption.
  • They enable communication between nerve cells.
  • They act as a barrier to toxins.

    • Which type of junction prevents materials from slipping between cells?

  • Occluding Junction (correct)
  • Gap Junction
  • Adhesion Junction
  • Dermal Junction

    • What is one primary function of epithelial tissue?

  • Producing blood cells
  • Generating heat
  • Absorbing nutrients (correct)
  • Resisting bacterial infection

    • Which structure encircles cells and binds them through cadherin?

    <p>Adhesion Belt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do connexons play in cell junctions?

    <p>They create channels for small molecules and ions to pass.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are epithelial tissues classified?

    <p>By number of layers and cellular shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of tissue commonly contains gap junctions?

    <p>Cardiac and smooth muscle tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic distinguishes simple epithelial tissue from stratified epithelial tissue?

    <p>The number of layers of cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are spot desmosomes important for skin tissue?

    <p>They allow for increased flexibility and resistance to stress.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are mucous membranes predominantly found?

    <p>In the respiratory system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of cadherins in cell junctions?

    <p>They function as cell adhesion molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of epithelial cell shape resembles a column?

    <p>Columnar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the adhesion belt?

    <p>It stabilizes the position of cells during mechanical stress.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structural feature is found at the basal surface of epithelial tissues?

    <p>Basement membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What component is associated with desmosomes to resist mechanical stress?

    <p>Keratin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of epithelial tissue is generally avascular?

    <p>Epithelial tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do epithelial cells receive nutrients since they are avascular?

    <p>Via interstitial fluid diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of epithelial tissue?

    <p>Blood cell production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of goblet cells in epithelial tissue?

    <p>Produce mucus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of sweat glands are mainly found in the armpit region?

    <p>Apocrine sweat glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of connective tissue?

    <p>Epithelial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of connective tissue is primarily responsible for connecting muscles to bones?

    <p>Tendons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of collagen fibers in connective tissue?

    <p>Provide tensile strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which extracellular component gives connective tissue a sticky characteristic?

    <p>Proteoglycans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which connective tissue type has a large amount of space in its ECM, making it loose?

    <p>Areolar tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic differentiates vascular connective tissue from avascular connective tissue?

    <p>Presence of blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of connective tissue would you expect to find in high amounts in the skin?

    <p>Loose CT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition occurs when loose connective tissue swells due to fluid release from the bloodstream?

    <p>Edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of fibroblasts in connective tissues?

    <p>To produce connective tissue fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of connective tissue does NOT play a role in providing protection?

    <p>Blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the exchange of substances between blood and interstitial fluid take place?

    <p>At capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What forms lymph in the body?

    <p>Interstitial fluid entering lymphatic vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of capillaries in the circulatory system?

    <p>To allow exchange of fluids and solutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the matrix in plasma primarily composed of?

    <p>Water and dissolved proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What system does lymph assist in maintaining?

    <p>The immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of melanocytes?

    <p>Synthesize melanin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of connective tissue consists primarily of adipocytes?

    <p>Adipose tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of connective tissue can reticular fibers be found?

    <p>Reticular tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one characteristic of dense regular connective tissue?

    <p>Forms tendons and ligaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of connective tissue is responsible for synthesizing extracellular fibers?

    <p>Fibroblasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of free macrophages in tissue?

    <p>Engulf pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is dense irregular connective tissue primarily found?

    <p>Dermis of the skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following tissues would most likely have elastic fibers in its composition?

    <p>Walls of large blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of adipose tissue?

    <p>Stores energy and provides insulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells are considered mobile cells of the immune system?

    <p>Neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cell Connections

    • Desmosomes: Most abundant connection between cells in the superficial layer of the skin.
    • Occluding Junction: Tightly bound lipid portions of two plasma membranes, preventing material passage between cells.
    • Adhesion Belt: Encircles cells, binding them through transmembrane glycoproteins (cadherin) attached to microfilaments (actin).
    • Gap Junction: Forms channels, not found in intestinal cells, allowing small molecules and ions to pass between cells.
      • Found in cardiac tissue and smooth muscle tissue, coordinating cell contractions.
    • Spot Desmosomes: Contain intermediate filaments (typically keratin) of the cytoskeleton, increasing tissue resistance to mechanical stress.
      • Cadherins: transmembrane proteins bonding to each other and extracellular material.
      • Only found in spots to allow stretching and twisting within the tissue without causing damage.

    Epithelial Tissue

    • General Functions: Protection, absorption, filtration, and secretion.
    • Characterized by:
      • One exposed or apical surface (polarity)
      • Basal surface attached to a basement membrane (basal lamina) – sticky, non-cellular membrane made of glycoproteins and polysaccharides.
      • Avascular (no blood vessels) - rely on diffusion from underlying connective tissue.
      • Innervated (have nerves) for sensing touch and vibration.
    • Classification: By number of layers and cellular shape
      • Simple: One layer thick
      • Stratified: Many layers thick
      • Squamous: Flattened cells
      • Cuboidal: Cube-shaped cells
      • Columnar: Column-shaped cells

    Connective Tissue

    • General Components:
      • Cells: Fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, plasma cells, adipocytes, and white blood cells.
      • Extracellular Matrix (ECM): Fibrous proteins (collagen and elastin), ground substance (proteoglycans) produced by fibroblasts.
      • Tissue Fluid: Clear, colorless, viscous fluid containing proteoglycans.
    • Function:
      • Bind and support
      • Protect
      • Store and insulate
      • Transport
    • Characterized by: Intricate ECM with large amounts of collagen fibers (tensile strength) and elastin fibers (resiliency).
    • Vascular vs. Avascular: Can be vascular (with blood vessels) or avascular (no blood vessels).
    • Types: Loose, Dense CT, Cartilage, Bone, Blood, Lymph

    Connective Tissue Proper

    • Cells: Fibroblasts, adipocytes, macrophages, mesenchymal cells.
    • Loose Connective Tissue:
      • Areolar Tissue: Contains both collagen and elastin fibers, loosely arranged. Forms basement membrane for epithelia tissue and mucous membranes.
        • Contains melanocytes, fixed macrophages, mast cells, fibroblasts, adipocytes, plasma cells, free macrophages, mesenchymal cells, neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, and capillaries.
      • Adipose Tissue: Largely composed of adipocytes, functioning as padding and insulation.
      • Reticular Tissue: Rich in reticular fibers, forming a net that provides scaffolding and support. Found in liver, kidneys, spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow.
    • Dense Connective Tissue:
      • Dense Regular CT: Forms tendons, ligaments, and deep fasciae.
      • Dense Irregular CT: Found in the dermis, visceral organ capsules, perichondrium, and periosteum.
      • Elastic CT: Found in elastic ligaments between vertebrae and walls of large blood vessels.

    Fluid Connective Tissues

    • Blood: Fluid matrix (plasma) containing red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Functions in oxygen transport, clotting, and immune system defense.
    • Lymph: Formed as interstitial fluid enters lymphatic vessels, returning fluid to the circulatory system.

    Connective Tissue Summary

    • Connective tissue is found in varying degrees throughout organs.
    • Serves to bind, support, protect, store, insulate, and transport.
    • Composed of cells, extracellular matrix, and tissue fluid.
    • Can be vascular or avascular.
    • The six general types of connective tissue are: loose, dense, cartilage, bone, blood, and lymph.

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    Note Oct 17, 2024: Chapter 4: Tissues PDF

    Description

    Explore the various types of cell connections such as desmosomes, occluding junctions, and gap junctions, and their roles in tissue structure and function. Understand how these connections contribute to the properties of epithelial tissue, including protection and absorption.

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