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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of mitochondria?
What is the primary function of mitochondria?
Lysosomes are primarily involved in storing waste and water.
Lysosomes are primarily involved in storing waste and water.
False (B)
What is the function of the plasma membrane?
What is the function of the plasma membrane?
To act as a selectively permeable barrier for the cell.
The __________ consists of a rigid structure made mostly of cellulose to provide strength and support.
The __________ consists of a rigid structure made mostly of cellulose to provide strength and support.
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Match the following cell parts with their functions:
Match the following cell parts with their functions:
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What is contained within the matrix of the mitochondria?
What is contained within the matrix of the mitochondria?
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The cytoplasm is made mostly of proteins and lipids.
The cytoplasm is made mostly of proteins and lipids.
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What is the role of a vesicle in a cell?
What is the role of a vesicle in a cell?
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What is the main function of the nucleolus?
What is the main function of the nucleolus?
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What is apoptosis?
What is apoptosis?
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The nuclear envelope consists of a single membrane.
The nuclear envelope consists of a single membrane.
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Interphase makes up about 75% of the cell cycle.
Interphase makes up about 75% of the cell cycle.
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What structure is known for being the site of photosynthesis?
What structure is known for being the site of photosynthesis?
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The __________ is a fluid-filled sac that is particularly large in plant cells.
The __________ is a fluid-filled sac that is particularly large in plant cells.
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What are the three phases of interphase?
What are the three phases of interphase?
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The ______ phase is where a cell prepares for DNA synthesis.
The ______ phase is where a cell prepares for DNA synthesis.
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Which of the following structures is covered in ribosomes?
Which of the following structures is covered in ribosomes?
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Match the organelles with their descriptions:
Match the organelles with their descriptions:
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Match the phase of the cell cycle with its description:
Match the phase of the cell cycle with its description:
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Chloroplasts are only found in animal cells.
Chloroplasts are only found in animal cells.
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Name the innermost cavity of the mitochondria.
Name the innermost cavity of the mitochondria.
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Which of the following structures is responsible for producing and assembling ribosomes?
Which of the following structures is responsible for producing and assembling ribosomes?
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The rough endoplasmic reticulum is involved in lipid production.
The rough endoplasmic reticulum is involved in lipid production.
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What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus?
What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus?
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The __________ is a double membrane that protects and separates the contents of the nucleus from the cytoplasm.
The __________ is a double membrane that protects and separates the contents of the nucleus from the cytoplasm.
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Match the following cellular structures with their functions:
Match the following cellular structures with their functions:
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What is the primary characteristic of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
What is the primary characteristic of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
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Centrioles exist as pairs and are important for cell division.
Centrioles exist as pairs and are important for cell division.
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DNA replication and transcription occur within the __________.
DNA replication and transcription occur within the __________.
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During which phase of mitosis do chromatids separate and move to opposite poles?
During which phase of mitosis do chromatids separate and move to opposite poles?
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Epithelial tissue is responsible for transmitting signals in the nervous system.
Epithelial tissue is responsible for transmitting signals in the nervous system.
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What structure forms in plant cells during cytokinesis?
What structure forms in plant cells during cytokinesis?
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In animals, __________ stem cells can differentiate into any kind of cell.
In animals, __________ stem cells can differentiate into any kind of cell.
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Which phase of mitosis is characterized by the alignment of chromosomes along the middle of the cell?
Which phase of mitosis is characterized by the alignment of chromosomes along the middle of the cell?
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Ground tissue in plants is responsible for photosynthesis.
Ground tissue in plants is responsible for photosynthesis.
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Name two types of cells found in xylem tissue.
Name two types of cells found in xylem tissue.
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The __________ tissue connects and supports various structures in the body.
The __________ tissue connects and supports various structures in the body.
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What happens during the Telophase phase of mitosis?
What happens during the Telophase phase of mitosis?
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Match the following plant tissues with their primary function:
Match the following plant tissues with their primary function:
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What causes cancer cells to occur?
What causes cancer cells to occur?
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Phloem tissue transports __________ from the leaves to other parts of the plant.
Phloem tissue transports __________ from the leaves to other parts of the plant.
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Adult stem cells can differentiate into any type of cell.
Adult stem cells can differentiate into any type of cell.
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Which of the following is NOT a category of animal tissue?
Which of the following is NOT a category of animal tissue?
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What are specialized cells that conduct specific functions called?
What are specialized cells that conduct specific functions called?
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What term is used to describe when cancer returns after a period of remission?
What term is used to describe when cancer returns after a period of remission?
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The smallest level of the biological hierarchy is the ecosystem.
The smallest level of the biological hierarchy is the ecosystem.
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Name two components of the muscular system.
Name two components of the muscular system.
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The _____ system includes the heart and blood vessels.
The _____ system includes the heart and blood vessels.
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Match the organ systems with their primary functions:
Match the organ systems with their primary functions:
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Which organ system is primarily responsible for hormone regulation?
Which organ system is primarily responsible for hormone regulation?
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The digestive system is responsible for the elimination of liquid wastes from the body.
The digestive system is responsible for the elimination of liquid wastes from the body.
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What is the primary function of the lymphatic system?
What is the primary function of the lymphatic system?
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The _____ system includes the lungs and trachea.
The _____ system includes the lungs and trachea.
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Which organ system enhances body temperature through movement?
Which organ system enhances body temperature through movement?
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Homeostasis refers to a constant fluctuation in the body's internal environment.
Homeostasis refers to a constant fluctuation in the body's internal environment.
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List the components of the skeletal system.
List the components of the skeletal system.
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The _____ system is responsible for producing sex hormones and gametes.
The _____ system is responsible for producing sex hormones and gametes.
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Match the following organs with their respective organ systems:
Match the following organs with their respective organ systems:
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Study Notes
Cell Theory
- All living things are made up of one or more cells
- The cell is the simplest unit that can carry out all life processes
- All cells come from other cells; they do not come from non-living matter
Cell Organelles
- Plasma Cell Membrane: Selectively permeable border of the cell, composed of a double layer of phospholipids. Forms a protective barrier around the cell. Allows different substances to move through it.
- Cytoplasm: Gel-like material, helps to move different substances through the cell.
Cell Parts (Page 2)
- Nucleus: Contains genetic information, surrounded by nuclear envelope. Controls all the activities in a cell, DNA replication, transcription, and RNA processing; protects organelles.
- Nucleolus: Darker structure within the nucleus. Produces and assembles the cell's ribosomes.
- Nuclear Envelope (membrane): Double membrane with nuclear pores which surrounds the nucleus. Protects and separates the contents of the nucleus from the cytoplasm.
- Ribosomes: Produced in the nucleolus. Can be bound to the ER or freely floating in the cytoplasm. Protein synthesis.
- Centrioles: Cylindrical structure of 9 triplets of tubes. Centrioles always exist as a pair. Helps with cell division, organises microtubules.
- Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum: Folded interconnected membrane covered in ribosomes. Folds and packages proteins; transports proteins. (rough extends from nuclear envelope)
- Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum: Folded interconnected membrane with NO ribosomes. Production of fats and oils, detoxification of drugs and toxins. (smooth extends from nuclear envelope)
- Golgi Apparatus: Folded. Transport, processing and packaging of proteins.
Cell Parts (Page 4)
- Mitochondria: Double-membrane structure. The inner membrane has many folds to increase surface area. The innermost cavity is called the matrix. Converts chemical energy into energy the cell can use.
- Vacuole: Fluid-filled sacs. Stores food, waste, and water.
- Vesicle: Small cellular containers. Transport materials.
- Lysosome: Contains digestive enzymes. Breaking down nutrients, breaking down excess/worn-out cell parts.
Plant Cell Parts (Page 5)
- Plasma Cell Membrane: Selectively permeable border of the cell, composed of phospholipids.
- Cytoplasm: Gel-like material made of water and dissolved minerals where cell organelles are suspended.
- Cell Wall: A rigid wall that provides protection and support.
Cell Parts (Page 6)
- Nucleus: Contains genetic information, surrounded by the nuclear envelope.
- Nucleolus: Darker structure within the nucleus.
- Nuclear Envelope (membrane): Double membrane with nuclear pores.
- Ribosome: Produced in the nucleolus.
- Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum: Folded interconnected membranes covered in ribosomes.
- Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum: Folded interconnected membranes without ribosomes.
Cell Parts (Page 7)
- Golgi Apparatus: Folded interconnected membranes and vesicles near ER.
- Mitochondria: Double membrane structure, inner membrane has folds to increase surface area.
- Chloroplast: Double membrane structure, inner membrane has folds to increase surface area. The innermost cavity is called the stroma. Site of photosynthesis.
Cell Cycle (Page 8)
- The cell's DNA instructs it on when to divide and when to die.
- Cells divide due to growth. A cell's nucleus grows slower than the rest of the cell, and a cell limit in size due to communication limitations when the cell is too big.
- Reproduction (Binary Fission)
Cell Cycle (Pages 9-10)
- Gap 1 (G1) - First growth phase.
- DNA synthesis phase (S) - DNA duplicated
- Gap 2 (G2) - Second growth phase.
- Mitosis: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
- Cytokinesis (In animals: cell pinches at equator, splitting into roughly equal parts. In plants, cell plate forms and fuses with existing cell wall.)
Specialized Cells and Stem Cells (Page 11)
- Specialized cells conduct specific functions, with physical and chemical differences.
- Specialized cells differentiate from unspecialized stem cells.
- Stem cells are unspecialized and differentiate when signaled by environmental chemicals.
Animal Tissue Types (Page 12)
- Epithelial - lines and protects outer surfaces of organs.
- Connective - strengthens, protects, and connects cells and tissues (bone, fat, blood).
- Muscle - allows voluntary movement (skeletal, smooth, cardiac).
- Nervous - receives and responds to stimuli, transmits signals.
Plant Tissue Types (Page 12)
- Meristematic - unspecialized cells, enabling plant growth.
- Epidermal - outer protective cover, protects the plant and separates into upper and lower epidermis.
- Ground - provides support, stores food and water (in roots), conducts photosynthesis (in leaves).
- Vascular - moves water and nutrients through the plant (Xylem, Phloem)
Stem Cells (Page 13)
- Embryonic - only during embryonic stage, can differentiate into any cell type.
- Adult - Stem cells that differentiate into specific cell types.
Cancer Cells (Page 14)
- Occur due to DNA mutations, cell duplication errors, or environmental factors.
- Characteristics: many cells, grow and divide, variation in size/shape, larger and darker nuclei, disorganized cells, clump formation.
- Diagnosis through blood tests, biopsies, and imaging tests.
- Treatment involves surgery, chemo, radiotherapy, hormone and gene therapy.
Biological Levels of Organisation (Page 15)
- Ecosystems, Communities, populations, Organisms, Organ systems, organs, tissues, cells, organelles, molecules, atoms, subatomic particles (smallest).
Organ Systems (Pages 15-17)
- Integumentary - covers and protects body
- Skeletal - supports, protects, and enables movement.
- Muscular - enables movement and maintains body temperature.
- Nervous - detects, processes, and coordinates sensory information.
- Endocrine - controls body functions, growth & development.
- Cardiovascular - delivers oxygen and nutrients to tissues.
- Lymphatic - eliminates wastes, returns fluid to blood, defends against pathogens.
- Respiratory - removes carbon dioxide from the body.
- Digestive - ingestion, digestion, absorption of nutrients.
- Urinary - controls water balance, removes wastes from blood.
- Male Reproductive - produces sex hormones and gametes.
- Female Reproductive - produces sex hormones and gametes, supports embryo/fetus.
- (additional systems: pages 17 and 18)
Homeostasis (Page 19)
- The body maintains a steady state through functions of the body systems to maintain an acceptable range of conditions.
- Organ systems work together during movement, such as in heat, dilating blood vessels, sweating to cool the body down.
Plant Organ Systems (Page 20)
- Shoot system (above ground): Stems provide support, reproductive structures, Leaves photosynthesize).
- Organs: Leaves – cuticle, epidermis, palisade tissue –Waxy layer (limits water loss); Upper and lower epidermis (protection); Palisade tissue (performs photosynthesis)
Plant Structure (Pages 21-22)
- Spongy mesophyll: Arranged vertically to meet the sun's rays. Contains cells loosely formed w/many open spaces. Creates a network for gas exchange for photosynthesis.
- Vascular bundle: At the center of the leaf. Contains xylem and phloem tissue.
- Lower epidermis: Lower surface of the leaf. Contains guard cells and stomata. They have stomates to exchange gases between leaf and outside environment.
- Stem: Physical support, transpiration, contains most of the plant's xylem and phloem tissue
- Flower: Only function is reproduction.
Chemical Compounds (Page 23)
- Ionic compounds are formed by cation and anion (metal and non-metal). They consist of a strong bond, with solid crystals at room temperature. They have high melting/boiling points and are hard/brittle; good conductors of electricity; dissolve in solution.
- Covalent compounds are formed by non-metals combining and sharing electrons. They have low melting/boiling points, are soft, don't conduct electricity and some dissolve in water.
Chemical Equations (Page 24)
- Chemical reactions, synthesis, decomposition, single displacement, double displacement, and combustion reactions.
- Predict products of chemical reactions based on reactants.
- Factors affecting reaction rates.
Physical Science (pages 25-26)
- Electromagnetic Spectrum and Waves: Radiation, conduction, convection in atmosphere and oceans.
- Greenhouse effect: Factors, nature vs. anthropogenic, Positive feedback loop.
- Climate change: Evidences, effects on atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and global economics.
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Description
Test your knowledge on cell biology with this challenging quiz. It covers various cell organelles, their functions, and processes involved in the cell cycle. Perfect for biology students looking to assess their understanding of cellular structures and functions.
