Cell Biology Quiz

Cell Theory

• All living things are made up of one or more cells
• The cell is the simplest unit that can carry out all life processes
• All cells come from other cells; they do not come from non-living matter

Cell Organelles

• Plasma Cell Membrane: Selectively permeable border of the cell, composed of a double layer of phospholipids. Forms a protective barrier around the cell. Allows different substances to move through it.
• Cytoplasm: Gel-like material, helps to move different substances through the cell.

Cell Parts (Page 2)

• Nucleus: Contains genetic information, surrounded by nuclear envelope. Controls all the activities in a cell, DNA replication, transcription, and RNA processing; protects organelles.
• Nucleolus: Darker structure within the nucleus. Produces and assembles the cell's ribosomes.
• Nuclear Envelope (membrane): Double membrane with nuclear pores which surrounds the nucleus. Protects and separates the contents of the nucleus from the cytoplasm.
• Ribosomes: Produced in the nucleolus. Can be bound to the ER or freely floating in the cytoplasm. Protein synthesis.
• Centrioles: Cylindrical structure of 9 triplets of tubes. Centrioles always exist as a pair. Helps with cell division, organises microtubules.
• Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum: Folded interconnected membrane covered in ribosomes. Folds and packages proteins; transports proteins. (rough extends from nuclear envelope)
• Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum: Folded interconnected membrane with NO ribosomes. Production of fats and oils, detoxification of drugs and toxins. (smooth extends from nuclear envelope)
• Golgi Apparatus: Folded. Transport, processing and packaging of proteins.

Cell Parts (Page 4)

• Mitochondria: Double-membrane structure. The inner membrane has many folds to increase surface area. The innermost cavity is called the matrix. Converts chemical energy into energy the cell can use.
• Vacuole: Fluid-filled sacs. Stores food, waste, and water.
• Vesicle: Small cellular containers. Transport materials.
• Lysosome: Contains digestive enzymes. Breaking down nutrients, breaking down excess/worn-out cell parts.

Plant Cell Parts (Page 5)

• Plasma Cell Membrane: Selectively permeable border of the cell, composed of phospholipids.
• Cytoplasm: Gel-like material made of water and dissolved minerals where cell organelles are suspended.
• Cell Wall: A rigid wall that provides protection and support.

Cell Parts (Page 6)

• Nucleus: Contains genetic information, surrounded by the nuclear envelope.
• Nucleolus: Darker structure within the nucleus.
• Nuclear Envelope (membrane): Double membrane with nuclear pores.
• Ribosome: Produced in the nucleolus.
• Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum: Folded interconnected membranes covered in ribosomes.
• Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum: Folded interconnected membranes without ribosomes.

Cell Parts (Page 7)

• Golgi Apparatus: Folded interconnected membranes and vesicles near ER.
• Mitochondria: Double membrane structure, inner membrane has folds to increase surface area.
• Chloroplast: Double membrane structure, inner membrane has folds to increase surface area. The innermost cavity is called the stroma. Site of photosynthesis.

Cell Cycle (Page 8)

• The cell's DNA instructs it on when to divide and when to die.
• Cells divide due to growth. A cell's nucleus grows slower than the rest of the cell, and a cell limit in size due to communication limitations when the cell is too big.
• Reproduction (Binary Fission)

Cell Cycle (Pages 9-10)

• Gap 1 (G1) - First growth phase.
• DNA synthesis phase (S) - DNA duplicated
• Gap 2 (G2) - Second growth phase.
• Mitosis: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
• Cytokinesis (In animals: cell pinches at equator, splitting into roughly equal parts. In plants, cell plate forms and fuses with existing cell wall.)

Specialized Cells and Stem Cells (Page 11)

• Specialized cells conduct specific functions, with physical and chemical differences.
• Specialized cells differentiate from unspecialized stem cells.
• Stem cells are unspecialized and differentiate when signaled by environmental chemicals.

Animal Tissue Types (Page 12)

• Epithelial - lines and protects outer surfaces of organs.
• Connective - strengthens, protects, and connects cells and tissues (bone, fat, blood).
• Muscle - allows voluntary movement (skeletal, smooth, cardiac).
• Nervous - receives and responds to stimuli, transmits signals.

Plant Tissue Types (Page 12)

• Meristematic - unspecialized cells, enabling plant growth.
• Epidermal - outer protective cover, protects the plant and separates into upper and lower epidermis.
• Ground - provides support, stores food and water (in roots), conducts photosynthesis (in leaves).
• Vascular - moves water and nutrients through the plant (Xylem, Phloem)

Stem Cells (Page 13)

• Embryonic - only during embryonic stage, can differentiate into any cell type.
• Adult - Stem cells that differentiate into specific cell types.

Cancer Cells (Page 14)

• Occur due to DNA mutations, cell duplication errors, or environmental factors.
• Characteristics: many cells, grow and divide, variation in size/shape, larger and darker nuclei, disorganized cells, clump formation.
• Diagnosis through blood tests, biopsies, and imaging tests.
• Treatment involves surgery, chemo, radiotherapy, hormone and gene therapy.

Biological Levels of Organisation (Page 15)

• Ecosystems, Communities, populations, Organisms, Organ systems, organs, tissues, cells, organelles, molecules, atoms, subatomic particles (smallest).

Organ Systems (Pages 15-17)

• Integumentary - covers and protects body
• Skeletal - supports, protects, and enables movement.
• Muscular - enables movement and maintains body temperature.
• Nervous - detects, processes, and coordinates sensory information.
• Endocrine - controls body functions, growth & development.
• Cardiovascular - delivers oxygen and nutrients to tissues.
• Lymphatic - eliminates wastes, returns fluid to blood, defends against pathogens.
• Respiratory - removes carbon dioxide from the body.
• Digestive - ingestion, digestion, absorption of nutrients.
• Urinary - controls water balance, removes wastes from blood.
• Male Reproductive - produces sex hormones and gametes.
• Female Reproductive - produces sex hormones and gametes, supports embryo/fetus.
• (additional systems: pages 17 and 18)

Homeostasis (Page 19)

• The body maintains a steady state through functions of the body systems to maintain an acceptable range of conditions.
• Organ systems work together during movement, such as in heat, dilating blood vessels, sweating to cool the body down.

Plant Organ Systems (Page 20)

• Shoot system (above ground): Stems provide support, reproductive structures, Leaves photosynthesize).
• Organs: Leaves – cuticle, epidermis, palisade tissue     –Waxy layer (limits water loss); Upper and lower epidermis (protection); Palisade tissue (performs photosynthesis)

Plant Structure (Pages 21-22)

• Spongy mesophyll: Arranged vertically to meet the sun's rays. Contains cells loosely formed w/many open spaces. Creates a network for gas exchange for photosynthesis.
• Vascular bundle: At the center of the leaf. Contains xylem and phloem tissue.
• Lower epidermis: Lower surface of the leaf. Contains guard cells and stomata. They have stomates to exchange gases between leaf and outside environment.
• Stem: Physical support, transpiration, contains most of the plant's xylem and phloem tissue
• Flower: Only function is reproduction.

Chemical Compounds (Page 23)

• Ionic compounds are formed by cation and anion (metal and non-metal). They consist of a strong bond, with solid crystals at room temperature. They have high melting/boiling points and are hard/brittle; good conductors of electricity; dissolve in solution.
• Covalent compounds are formed by non-metals combining and sharing electrons. They have low melting/boiling points, are soft, don't conduct electricity and some dissolve in water.

Chemical Equations (Page 24)

• Chemical reactions, synthesis, decomposition, single displacement, double displacement, and combustion reactions.
• Predict products of chemical reactions based on reactants.
• Factors affecting reaction rates.

Physical Science (pages 25-26)

• Electromagnetic Spectrum and Waves: Radiation, conduction, convection in atmosphere and oceans.
• Greenhouse effect: Factors, nature vs. anthropogenic, Positive feedback loop.
• Climate change: Evidences, effects on atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and global economics.