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Questions and Answers
Which type of membrane protein spans across the entire membrane?
Which type of membrane protein spans across the entire membrane?
Passive transport requires the use of ATP to move substances across the membrane.
Passive transport requires the use of ATP to move substances across the membrane.
False
What are the main functions of plasma membrane proteins?
What are the main functions of plasma membrane proteins?
Transport, signaling, cell recognition, and structural support.
Phospholipids are considered ______ molecules because they contain both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions.
Phospholipids are considered ______ molecules because they contain both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions.
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The Frye and Edidin experiment of 1970 provided evidence for what aspect of cell membranes?
The Frye and Edidin experiment of 1970 provided evidence for what aspect of cell membranes?
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Match the following cell structures to their primary functions:
Match the following cell structures to their primary functions:
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Cholesterol maintains membrane fluidity at both high and low temperatures.
Cholesterol maintains membrane fluidity at both high and low temperatures.
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What is the endomembrane system?
What is the endomembrane system?
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Cells are generally classified into two main types: ______ and eukaryotes.
Cells are generally classified into two main types: ______ and eukaryotes.
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How many cells approximately comprise an adult human body?
How many cells approximately comprise an adult human body?
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What phase of the cell cycle involves DNA synthesis?
What phase of the cell cycle involves DNA synthesis?
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Somatic cells are haploid and germ cells are diploid.
Somatic cells are haploid and germ cells are diploid.
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What are the main components of a duplicated chromosome?
What are the main components of a duplicated chromosome?
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During metaphase, chromosomes are aligned at the __________.
During metaphase, chromosomes are aligned at the __________.
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Match the following terms with their correct definitions:
Match the following terms with their correct definitions:
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Which of the following is NOT a major checkpoint in cell division?
Which of the following is NOT a major checkpoint in cell division?
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Metastasis refers to the spread of cancer cells to other parts of the body.
Metastasis refers to the spread of cancer cells to other parts of the body.
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What is the diploid number of chromosomes in a human somatic cell?
What is the diploid number of chromosomes in a human somatic cell?
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Crossing over occurs during __________ of meiosis.
Crossing over occurs during __________ of meiosis.
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What are the products of oogenesis?
What are the products of oogenesis?
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Which of the following processes requires ATP?
Which of the following processes requires ATP?
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Glycoproteins and glycolipids both consist of carbohydrates attached to proteins or lipids, respectively.
Glycoproteins and glycolipids both consist of carbohydrates attached to proteins or lipids, respectively.
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What is the primary role of cholesterol in the plasma membrane?
What is the primary role of cholesterol in the plasma membrane?
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The ________ hypothesis proposes that eukaryotic cells originated from a symbiotic relationship between prokaryotic organisms.
The ________ hypothesis proposes that eukaryotic cells originated from a symbiotic relationship between prokaryotic organisms.
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Match the following types of membrane proteins to their functions:
Match the following types of membrane proteins to their functions:
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What feature of phospholipids makes them amphipathic molecules?
What feature of phospholipids makes them amphipathic molecules?
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Endocytosis involves the expulsion of materials from the cell.
Endocytosis involves the expulsion of materials from the cell.
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Name one factor that controls plasma membrane fluidity.
Name one factor that controls plasma membrane fluidity.
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The ________ is the site within the cell where ribosomes are synthesized.
The ________ is the site within the cell where ribosomes are synthesized.
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What is the primary function of cohesin protein during cell division?
What is the primary function of cohesin protein during cell division?
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Somatic cells contain half the number of chromosomes compared to germ cells.
Somatic cells contain half the number of chromosomes compared to germ cells.
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What happens during the S (synthesis) phase of interphase?
What happens during the S (synthesis) phase of interphase?
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In humans, the haploid number of chromosomes is ______.
In humans, the haploid number of chromosomes is ______.
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Match the following phases of the cell cycle with their descriptions:
Match the following phases of the cell cycle with their descriptions:
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At which checkpoint is DNA damage typically assessed?
At which checkpoint is DNA damage typically assessed?
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Tumors can be classified as either benign or malignant based solely on their size.
Tumors can be classified as either benign or malignant based solely on their size.
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What is the role of the mitotic spindle during mitosis?
What is the role of the mitotic spindle during mitosis?
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In meiosis, crossing over occurs during ______.
In meiosis, crossing over occurs during ______.
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What is the primary distinguishing feature of malignant tumors compared to benign tumors?
What is the primary distinguishing feature of malignant tumors compared to benign tumors?
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What phase of the cell cycle is characterized by the duplication of chromosomes?
What phase of the cell cycle is characterized by the duplication of chromosomes?
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Somatic cells are haploid while gametes are diploid.
Somatic cells are haploid while gametes are diploid.
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What is the role of cohesin protein during cell division?
What is the role of cohesin protein during cell division?
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The _____ is the region where sister chromatids are held together.
The _____ is the region where sister chromatids are held together.
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Match the following cell cycle phases with their descriptions:
Match the following cell cycle phases with their descriptions:
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During which phase do chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate?
During which phase do chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate?
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Malignant tumors do not invade neighboring tissues.
Malignant tumors do not invade neighboring tissues.
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What happens during the G1 phase of the cell cycle?
What happens during the G1 phase of the cell cycle?
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The process of _____ produces gametes in humans.
The process of _____ produces gametes in humans.
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
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What distinguishes glycolipids from glycoproteins?
What distinguishes glycolipids from glycoproteins?
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Passive transport requires ATP to move substances across the cell membrane.
Passive transport requires ATP to move substances across the cell membrane.
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What is the function of active transport in cellular processes?
What is the function of active transport in cellular processes?
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The fluid mosaic model describes the structure of the __________ membrane.
The fluid mosaic model describes the structure of the __________ membrane.
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Match the following membrane transport processes with their descriptions:
Match the following membrane transport processes with their descriptions:
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Which of the following factors can influence membrane fluidity?
Which of the following factors can influence membrane fluidity?
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The Endosymbiont Hypothesis suggests that eukaryotic cells evolved from symbiotic relationships with prokaryotic cells.
The Endosymbiont Hypothesis suggests that eukaryotic cells evolved from symbiotic relationships with prokaryotic cells.
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Where in the cell are membranes primarily synthesized?
Where in the cell are membranes primarily synthesized?
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Cholesterol helps maintain __________ of the plasma membrane at varying temperatures.
Cholesterol helps maintain __________ of the plasma membrane at varying temperatures.
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Which organelle is responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins?
Which organelle is responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins?
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Study Notes
Cell Membranes
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Fluid Mosaic Model: The plasma membrane is a fluid structure with diverse components embedded in a phospholipid bilayer.
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Phospholipids (Amphipathic): Phospholipids have a hydrophilic (water-loving) head and hydrophobic (water-fearing) tails, arranging themselves in a bilayer. These amphipathic properties result from the polar head and nonpolar tails.
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Integral Membrane Proteins: Proteins embedded within the phospholipid bilayer; some span the entire membrane (transmembrane proteins). Transmembrane proteins are a type of integral membrane protein.
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Peripheral Membrane Proteins: Proteins loosely bound to the membrane surface; often involved in signaling or structural support.
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Glycoproteins & Glycolipids: Proteins or lipids with carbohydrate chains attached, important for cell recognition and communication. Glycoproteins have carbohydrates attached to proteins, while glycolipids have carbohydrates attached to lipids.
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Cholesterol: Regulates membrane fluidity; affects fluidity at high and low temperatures; Cholesterol influences membrane fluidity by altering the packing of phospholipids.
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Selective Permeability: The plasma membrane controls what enters and exits the cell based on size, charge, and other factors.
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Active Transport: Requires energy (ATP) to move molecules against their concentration gradient.
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Passive Transport: Does not require energy, molecules move with their concentration gradient.
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Endocytosis & Exocytosis: Processes for transporting large molecules or particles into or out of the cell.
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Frye & Edidin Experiment (1970): Demonstrated the fluid nature of the plasma membrane via cell fusion experiments.
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Saturated vs Unsaturated Fatty Acids: Saturated fatty acids lead to a more rigid membrane, while unsaturated ones provide greater fluidity; the degree of saturation of fatty acids affects membrane fluidity.
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Plasma Membrane Synthesis & Sidedness: Synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum; "sidedness" refers to the asymmetrical placement of proteins and lipids on each side of the membrane.
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Major Functions of Plasma Membrane Proteins: Transport, cell recognition, enzymatic activity, signal transduction. These are crucial for various cellular processes.
Cell Organelles & Structures
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Eukaryotic Cell Organization: Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles.
- Cytoplasm & Cytosol: Cytoplasm is internal cellular material. Cytosol is the jelly-like part of the cytoplasm surrounding organelles.
- Nucleus: Contains genetic material (DNA); the nucleolus is a region within the nucleus that synthesizes ribosomes.
- Ribosomes: Synthesize proteins; can be free-floating or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.
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Endoplasmic Reticulum: Involved in protein and lipid synthesis.
- Rough ER: Ribosomes attached to the outer surface; functions in protein synthesis.
- Smooth ER: Lacks ribosomes; functions in lipid synthesis, detoxification, and calcium storage.
- Mitochondria: Generate ATP (energy); powerhouse of the cell.
- Golgi Complex (Apparatus): Processes, packages, and sorts proteins and lipids for secretion or use within the cell.
- Lysosomes: Contain digestive enzymes for breaking down waste materials.
- Vacuoles: Fluid-filled sacs that store water, nutrients, and waste.
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Cytoskeleton: A network of fibers that supports and shapes the cell.
- Microtubules, Microfilaments, Intermediate Filaments: Structural proteins maintaining cell shape and enabling movement.
- Centrioles: Involved in cell division, located in centrosomes.
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Microscopes: Used to visualize cells.
- Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM): Produces 3-D images of cell surface features.
- Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM): Provides high-resolution images of internal cell structures.
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Prokaryotic Cells: Bacteria and Archaea; do not contain membrane-bound organelles.
- Nucleoid: Region where DNA is located in a prokaryotic cell.
- Endomembrane System: A group of membranes and organelles in eukaryotic cells that work together to modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins (includes many organelles).
Cell Cycle & Cell Division
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Cell Cycle: A series of events that leads to cell duplication.
- Interphase: G1, S, G2 phases involve cell growth, DNA replication, and preparation for cell division.
- M Phase: Mitosis and cytokinesis, involving nuclear division and cytoplasmic division.
- G0 Phase: Non-dividing state.
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Chromosome Structure:
- Chromosomes: Consist of DNA and protein.
- Chromatid: One of the two identical DNA copies of a chromosome after replication.
- Centromere: Region where chromatids are joined together.
- Mitosis Phases: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase.
- Cytokinesis: Division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells.
- Cell Cycle Control and Checkpoints: Ensure proper DNA replication and cell division.
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Tumors: Abnormal cell growth.
- Benign Tumors: Non-cancerous.
- Malignant Tumors: Cancerous.
- Metastasis: Spread of cancer cells.
Meiosis & Gamete Formation
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Gametes: Sex cells (sperm and egg).
- Somatic Cells: Non-sex cells.
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Karyotype: Chromosome arrangement.
- Homologous Chromosomes (Homologs): Similar chromosomes, one inherited from each parent.
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Diploid (2n) & Haploid (n): Number of chromosomes.
- Haploid Number (n): Half the diploid number.
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Meiosis: Cell division resulting in haploid gametes.
- Crossing Over/Recombination: Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes.
- Chiasmata: Points where homologous chromosomes cross over during meiosis.
- Spermatogenesis & Oogenesis: Different gamete formation processes in males and females.
- Fertilization: Fusion of sperm and egg.
- Zygote: Fertilized egg.
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Description
Test your knowledge of cell membrane structures and functions, including membrane proteins, transport mechanisms, and the cell cycle. This quiz covers essential concepts in cell biology, such as the endomembrane system and chromosome duplication.
