Cell Biology Quiz: Transport and Organelles

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What is the primary energy source used in primary active transport?

ATP (correct)

NADH

Glucose

Electrochemical gradient

Which of the following is an example of secondary active transport?

Transportation of amino acids across intestinal lining (correct)

Sodium-potassium pump

Phagocytosis of bacteria by macrophages

Movement of Ca² ions out of cardiac muscle cells

What composition mainly constitutes the cytoplasm?

90% water, ions, and small to large molecules (correct)

80% proteins, 10% nucleotides, 10% water

70% proteins, 20% lipids, 10% carbohydrates

50% water, 30% salts, 20% nucleic acids

What is a defining characteristic of rough endoplasmic reticulum?

It is studded with ribosomes on its surface Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about cytosol is accurate?

It surrounds and supports the organelles in the cytoplasm Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of lysosomes within eukaryotic cells?

Digestion and waste removal Signup and view all the answers

Which cellular process involves lysosomes removing damaged organelles?

Autophagy Signup and view all the answers

Lysosomes are formed primarily from which part of the cell?

Golgi apparatus Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of lysosomes?

Synthesis of proteins Signup and view all the answers

What type of organelles are peroxisomes and glyoxysomes?

Single membrane-bound Signup and view all the answers

What process do lysosomes use to digest unwanted structures within the cell?

Autophagy Signup and view all the answers

What happens during autolysis?

Lysosomes release their enzymes into the cytoplasm. Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is also known as a 'suicidal bag'?

Lysosomes Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the origin of proteins for peroxisomes?

Primarily from the cytosol Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of peroxisomes in cells that need to break down alcohol?

They increase in number and size. Signup and view all the answers

What is the distinction between lysosomes and peroxisomes in terms of their membrane systems?

Both lysosomes and peroxisomes have single membranes. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary change that occurs in cells after intense muscular exercise ceases?

Reduction in the number of mitochondria through autophagy. Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the process by which lysosomes engulf and digest cellular structures?

Autophagocytosis Signup and view all the answers

What type of signaling molecules can directly diffuse through the plasma membrane?

Hydrophobic molecules Signup and view all the answers

What type of transport mechanism requires specialized proteins to assist molecules across the membrane?

Facilitated Diffusion Signup and view all the answers

What happens after a steroid hormone binds to its intracellular receptor?

It forms a receptor-hormone complex that moves to the nucleus. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of vacuoles in plant cells?

Storing organic compounds and providing mechanical support Signup and view all the answers

In the signal transduction pathway, what is the first step following the binding of a signal molecule?

Reception Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves the movement of water from a region of low solute concentration to a region of high solute concentration?

Osmosis Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes protein and peptide hormones from steroid hormones?

They cannot cross the plasma membrane and are water-soluble. Signup and view all the answers

How do mitochondria contribute to cellular metabolism?

By generating ATP through cellular respiration Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary energy source for active transport mechanisms?

ATP Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following examples is NOT a steroid hormone?

Insulin Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes simple diffusion?

It involves the direct movement of small molecules across the membrane. Signup and view all the answers

What distinctive role do peroxisomes play in liver cells?

Facilitating the detoxification of alcohol Signup and view all the answers

What role do second messengers play in cell signaling?

They amplify the signal and initiate a cellular response. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the function of channel proteins in facilitated diffusion?

They act as specific pores allowing molecules or ions to pass through. Signup and view all the answers

Which organelles are only found in germinating seeds and are responsible for converting fatty acids into carbohydrates?

Glyoxysomes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about the central vacuole in mature plant cells?

It provides mechanical support through turgor pressure. Signup and view all the answers

Which process follows the transduction step in the signal transduction pathway?

Response Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes simple diffusion?

Is a type of passive transport Signup and view all the answers

In osmosis, water moves toward which area?

A region of higher solute concentration Signup and view all the answers

What cellular functions does the signal response regulate?

Enzyme activity and gene expression Signup and view all the answers

What type of membrane structure do mitochondria have?

Double membrane Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about facilitated diffusion is true?

Usually moves substances from high to low concentration Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is false regarding active transport?

It moves substances from high to low concentration. Signup and view all the answers

What is the membrane surrounding a vacuole called?

Tonoplast Signup and view all the answers

Facilitated diffusion and active transport differ in which way?

Facilitated diffusion does not require energy, while active transport does. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes facilitated diffusion from simple diffusion?

Transport proteins are necessary Signup and view all the answers

Which type of vacuole is responsible for removing excess water in fresh water protists?

Contractile vacuole Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of osmosis primarily concerned with?

Flow of solvent molecules through a semipermeable membrane Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes active transport?

Requires energy such as ATP Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario would osmosis occur?

Water moves from an area of high solute concentration to low solute concentration Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of carrier proteins in facilitated diffusion?

Change shape to move substances across the membrane Signup and view all the answers

How does the rate of facilitated diffusion generally compare to simple diffusion?

It is usually slower but more straightforward Signup and view all the answers

What are signaling molecules also known as?

Ligands Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is TRUE about protein signaling?

Protein hormones generally require second messengers. Signup and view all the answers

What role do glycolipids and glycoproteins play in cells?

Serve as cell surface markers for recognition and adhesion Signup and view all the answers

How do steroid signaling molecules interact with target cells?

They pass through the plasma membrane and bind to internal receptors. Signup and view all the answers

Which technique is NOT mentioned as a method for studying cell membranes?

Electron microscopy Signup and view all the answers

What is a principal function of receptors in cell signaling?

To initiate a cascade of events upon binding to a ligand Signup and view all the answers

Why are plasma membranes crucial for cell interactions?

They regulate the transport of materials and maintain suitable conditions. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of signaling molecule cannot pass through the plasma membrane?

Proteins Signup and view all the answers

Which type of stem cell can differentiate into almost any cell type?

Pluripotent Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant advantage of using induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)?

Avoids ethical concerns of embryonic stem cells Signup and view all the answers

What major concern is associated with the initial method of generating iPSCs?

Potential for causing cancer due to viral vectors Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes unipotent stem cells?

Can produce cells of one kind only Signup and view all the answers

Who first described induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and won the Nobel Prize for it?

Shinya Yamanaka Signup and view all the answers

Which type of stem cell can differentiate into any cell type in the body?

Induced pluripotent stem cells Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of adult stem cells?

They are multipotent and can differentiate into certain types of cells. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of using stem cells in therapy?

They can replace damaged or lost cells. Signup and view all the answers

Which disease is NOT mentioned as potentially treatable using stem cell therapy?

Asthma Signup and view all the answers

What does pluripotency in stem cells refer to?

Ability to differentiate into any cell type in the body. Signup and view all the answers

How are induced pluripotent stem cells generated?

By introducing specific signals to adult cells. Signup and view all the answers

In terms of differentiation potential, how do adult stem cells compare to embryonic stem cells?

Adult stem cells are less versatile and mainly replace damaged cells. Signup and view all the answers

What type of stem cell is specifically created in a lab environment?