Cell Biology Quiz: Transport and Organelles
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary energy source used in primary active transport?

  • ATP (correct)
  • NADH
  • Glucose
  • Electrochemical gradient

Which of the following is an example of secondary active transport?

  • Transportation of amino acids across intestinal lining (correct)
  • Sodium-potassium pump
  • Phagocytosis of bacteria by macrophages
  • Movement of Ca² ions out of cardiac muscle cells

What composition mainly constitutes the cytoplasm?

  • 90% water, ions, and small to large molecules (correct)
  • 80% proteins, 10% nucleotides, 10% water
  • 70% proteins, 20% lipids, 10% carbohydrates
  • 50% water, 30% salts, 20% nucleic acids

What is a defining characteristic of rough endoplasmic reticulum?

<p>It is studded with ribosomes on its surface (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about cytosol is accurate?

<p>It surrounds and supports the organelles in the cytoplasm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of lysosomes within eukaryotic cells?

<p>Digestion and waste removal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cellular process involves lysosomes removing damaged organelles?

<p>Autophagy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lysosomes are formed primarily from which part of the cell?

<p>Golgi apparatus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of lysosomes?

<p>Synthesis of proteins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of organelles are peroxisomes and glyoxysomes?

<p>Single membrane-bound (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process do lysosomes use to digest unwanted structures within the cell?

<p>Autophagy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during autolysis?

<p>Lysosomes release their enzymes into the cytoplasm. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is also known as a 'suicidal bag'?

<p>Lysosomes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the origin of proteins for peroxisomes?

<p>Primarily from the cytosol (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of peroxisomes in cells that need to break down alcohol?

<p>They increase in number and size. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the distinction between lysosomes and peroxisomes in terms of their membrane systems?

<p>Both lysosomes and peroxisomes have single membranes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary change that occurs in cells after intense muscular exercise ceases?

<p>Reduction in the number of mitochondria through autophagy. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the process by which lysosomes engulf and digest cellular structures?

<p>Autophagocytosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of signaling molecules can directly diffuse through the plasma membrane?

<p>Hydrophobic molecules (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of transport mechanism requires specialized proteins to assist molecules across the membrane?

<p>Facilitated Diffusion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens after a steroid hormone binds to its intracellular receptor?

<p>It forms a receptor-hormone complex that moves to the nucleus. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of vacuoles in plant cells?

<p>Storing organic compounds and providing mechanical support (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the signal transduction pathway, what is the first step following the binding of a signal molecule?

<p>Reception (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves the movement of water from a region of low solute concentration to a region of high solute concentration?

<p>Osmosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes protein and peptide hormones from steroid hormones?

<p>They cannot cross the plasma membrane and are water-soluble. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do mitochondria contribute to cellular metabolism?

<p>By generating ATP through cellular respiration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary energy source for active transport mechanisms?

<p>ATP (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following examples is NOT a steroid hormone?

<p>Insulin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes simple diffusion?

<p>It involves the direct movement of small molecules across the membrane. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinctive role do peroxisomes play in liver cells?

<p>Facilitating the detoxification of alcohol (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do second messengers play in cell signaling?

<p>They amplify the signal and initiate a cellular response. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the function of channel proteins in facilitated diffusion?

<p>They act as specific pores allowing molecules or ions to pass through. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organelles are only found in germinating seeds and are responsible for converting fatty acids into carbohydrates?

<p>Glyoxysomes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about the central vacuole in mature plant cells?

<p>It provides mechanical support through turgor pressure. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process follows the transduction step in the signal transduction pathway?

<p>Response (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes simple diffusion?

<p>Is a type of passive transport (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In osmosis, water moves toward which area?

<p>A region of higher solute concentration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cellular functions does the signal response regulate?

<p>Enzyme activity and gene expression (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of membrane structure do mitochondria have?

<p>Double membrane (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about facilitated diffusion is true?

<p>Usually moves substances from high to low concentration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is false regarding active transport?

<p>It moves substances from high to low concentration. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the membrane surrounding a vacuole called?

<p>Tonoplast (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Facilitated diffusion and active transport differ in which way?

<p>Facilitated diffusion does not require energy, while active transport does. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes facilitated diffusion from simple diffusion?

<p>Transport proteins are necessary (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of vacuole is responsible for removing excess water in fresh water protists?

<p>Contractile vacuole (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of osmosis primarily concerned with?

<p>Flow of solvent molecules through a semipermeable membrane (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes active transport?

<p>Requires energy such as ATP (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario would osmosis occur?

<p>Water moves from an area of high solute concentration to low solute concentration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of carrier proteins in facilitated diffusion?

<p>Change shape to move substances across the membrane (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the rate of facilitated diffusion generally compare to simple diffusion?

<p>It is usually slower but more straightforward (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are signaling molecules also known as?

<p>Ligands (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is TRUE about protein signaling?

<p>Protein hormones generally require second messengers. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do glycolipids and glycoproteins play in cells?

<p>Serve as cell surface markers for recognition and adhesion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do steroid signaling molecules interact with target cells?

<p>They pass through the plasma membrane and bind to internal receptors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which technique is NOT mentioned as a method for studying cell membranes?

<p>Electron microscopy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a principal function of receptors in cell signaling?

<p>To initiate a cascade of events upon binding to a ligand (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are plasma membranes crucial for cell interactions?

<p>They regulate the transport of materials and maintain suitable conditions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of signaling molecule cannot pass through the plasma membrane?

<p>Proteins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of stem cell can differentiate into almost any cell type?

<p>Pluripotent (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant advantage of using induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)?

<p>Avoids ethical concerns of embryonic stem cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major concern is associated with the initial method of generating iPSCs?

<p>Potential for causing cancer due to viral vectors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes unipotent stem cells?

<p>Can produce cells of one kind only (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who first described induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and won the Nobel Prize for it?

<p>Shinya Yamanaka (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of stem cell can differentiate into any cell type in the body?

<p>Induced pluripotent stem cells (A), Embryonic stem cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of adult stem cells?

<p>They are multipotent and can differentiate into certain types of cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of using stem cells in therapy?

<p>They can replace damaged or lost cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disease is NOT mentioned as potentially treatable using stem cell therapy?

<p>Asthma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does pluripotency in stem cells refer to?

<p>Ability to differentiate into any cell type in the body. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are induced pluripotent stem cells generated?

<p>By introducing specific signals to adult cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of differentiation potential, how do adult stem cells compare to embryonic stem cells?

<p>Adult stem cells are less versatile and mainly replace damaged cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of stem cell is specifically created in a lab environment?

<p>Induced pluripotent stem cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Lysosome function

Lysosomes break down macromolecules and cellular waste, a type of digestion.

Lysosome formation

Lysosomes are created from vesicles from Golgi.

Phagocytosis

A process where cells engulf and digest foreign material using lysosomes.

Peroxisome function

Peroxisomes deal with oxidative reactions, like fatty acid breakdown.

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Vesicle function

Vesicles transport substances for cell functions, like organelles and waste.

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What is autophagy?

The process where a cell digests its own components using lysosomes. This helps control organelle numbers and removes damaged parts.

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What are lysosomes?

Organelles responsible for breaking down waste and unwanted structures within a cell. They contain digestive enzymes.

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What is autolysis?

A type of programmed cell death where lysosomes release their enzymes into the cytoplasm, causing the cell to break down.

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Peroxisomes and glyoxysomes

Both are microbodies, single-membrane bound organelles that import proteins primarily from the cytosol.

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Are peroxisomes part of the endomembranous system?

No, peroxisomes are not part of the endomembranous system, unlike mitochondria and chloroplasts.

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How do lysosomes form?

Lysosomes are formed by the Golgi apparatus, which packages and modifies proteins and lipids into vesicles.

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What is phagocytosis?

The process where cells engulf and digest larger particles, like bacteria or cellular debris, using lysosomes.

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Active Transport

Movement of molecules against their concentration gradient, requiring energy.

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Primary Active Transport

Uses ATP directly as the energy source to move molecules against their gradient.

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Secondary Active Transport

Uses the electrochemical gradient of one molecule to move another against its gradient.

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Cytoplasm

The region between the nuclear membrane and plasma membrane in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, containing water, ions, small and large molecules.

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Organelles

Membrane-bound structures within eukaryotic cells, each with a specific function.

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Vacuole function

Vacuoles are storage compartments within cells, holding water, nutrients, and waste. They also help maintain cell shape.

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Central vacuole

A large, central vacuole in mature plant cells that stores water, ions, and nutrients, contributing to cell rigidity.

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Mitochondria function

Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell, generating energy in the form of ATP through cellular respiration.

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Glyoxysome function

Glyoxysomes are found in germinating seeds and convert stored fats into carbohydrates for growth.

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Turgor pressure

The pressure exerted by the central vacuole on the cell wall, providing structural support and rigidity to plant cells.

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Cell wall function

A rigid outer layer of plant cells, providing structural support and protection.

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Chloroplast function

Chloroplasts are the sites of photosynthesis in plant cells, converting sunlight into energy.

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Simple Diffusion

Movement of substances from a region of higher concentration to lower concentration without needing energy or transport proteins.

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Facilitated Diffusion

Movement of substances from a region of higher concentration to lower concentration, assisted by transport proteins but still without needing energy.

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Osmosis

Movement of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane from a region of high water potential to low water potential.

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What is the key difference between simple and facilitated diffusion?

Simple diffusion does not require transport proteins, while facilitated diffusion requires specific transport proteins to assist the movement of substances across the membrane.

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Why is active transport different from passive transport?

Active transport requires energy to move substances against their concentration gradient, while passive transport relies on the concentration gradient and does not need energy.

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How does osmosis work?

Osmosis is the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from a region of high water potential (less solute) to a region of low water potential (more solute).

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What are some real-life examples of osmosis?

Some real-life examples of osmosis include feeling thirsty after eating salty food (water moves out of cells), kidney dialysis (removing waste from blood), and swelling of seeds when soaked in water.

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Channel Proteins

Proteins that create pores in the membrane, allowing specific ions or molecules to pass through.

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Carrier Proteins

Proteins that bind specific molecules and change shape to move them across the membrane.

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What drives Simple Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion, and Osmosis?

The concentration gradient, with substances moving from high to low concentration.

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Key Difference between Diffusion and Active Transport

Diffusion requires no energy and moves down the concentration gradient, while active transport needs energy and moves against the concentration gradient.

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Hydrophobic Signaling

Signaling molecules that can directly pass through the cell membrane and interact with internal receptors. They are lipid-soluble.

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Hydrophilic Signaling

Signaling molecules that cannot pass through the cell membrane directly. They bind to receptors on the membrane surface, triggering a chain reaction inside the cell.

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Steroid Hormones

Lipid-soluble hormones that directly enter cells and bind to intracellular receptors, affecting gene expression. They are hydrophobic signaling molecules.

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Protein/Peptide Hormones

Water-soluble hormones that cannot enter cells directly. They bind to receptors on the cell surface, activating a signaling cascade.

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Second Messenger

A molecule generated inside the cell in response to an extracellular signal (like a hormone binding to a receptor). It amplifies and relays the signal.

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Signal Transduction Pathway

A series of steps involving molecular interactions that relay a signal from the cell surface to the inside of the cell, leading to a cellular response.

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Cellular Response

The specific changes that occur inside the cell in response to a signal. It can involve gene expression, enzyme activity, or other cellular processes.

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Reception, Transduction, Response

These three steps describe the basic process of cell signaling: reception (signal is received), transduction (signal is amplified and relayed), response (cell reacts to the signal).

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Totipotent stem cell

A stem cell capable of differentiating into any cell type in the body, including the placenta and other extraembryonic tissues.

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Pluripotent stem cell

A stem cell capable of differentiating into nearly any cell type in the body, but not the placenta or extraembryonic tissues.

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iPSCs: Avoid ethical concerns

Induced pluripotent stem cells are generated from adult cells, eliminating the ethical concerns associated with using human embryonic stem cells.

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iPSCs: Risk of uncontrolled overgrowth

One major drawback of iPSCs is the risk of uncontrolled cell proliferation, which can lead to tumors.

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iPSCs: Market Growth

The market for induced pluripotent stem cells is expected to grow significantly due to their potential for therapeutic applications.

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Cell Signaling

The process by which cells communicate with each other, either within the organism or with the external environment, involving the transfer of information.

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Ligand

A signaling molecule that initiates cell signaling by binding to a specific receptor on the cell surface or inside the cell.

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Receptor

A protein on the cell surface or inside the cell that binds to a specific ligand, initiating a signaling cascade within the cell.

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Steroid Signaling

Signaling pathway where small hydrophobic ligands directly pass through the plasma membrane and bind to internal receptors, affecting DNA.

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Protein Signaling

Signaling pathway where water-soluble protein or peptide hormones bind to receptors on the cell surface, initiating a cascade of events often involving a second messenger.

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Small Hydrophobic Signaling

A signaling pathway where small hydrophobic ligands directly pass through the cell membrane and bind to internal receptors, affecting cell functions.

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Glycolipids and Glycoproteins

These molecules act as cell surface markers, involved in cell recognition and adhesion, ensuring cells aggregate correctly in tissues.

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Plasma Membrane Regulation

The plasma membrane controls interaction with the environment by regulating transport of materials across it and maintaining suitable conditions for enzyme activity.

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Stem Cells

Cells capable of self-renewal and differentiation into various specialized cell types. They can produce both new stem cells and specialized cells.

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Adult Stem Cells

Stem cells found in mature tissues, able to differentiate into a limited number of cell types, replenishing lost or damaged cells.

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Embryonic Stem Cells (ESCs)

Stem cells derived from embryos, possessing the potential to differentiate into any cell type in the body.

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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs)

Adult cells reprogrammed to have pluripotency, like embryonic stem cells, by introducing specific signals.

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Benefits of Stem Cell Therapy

Stem cell therapy offers potential treatments for various diseases by replacing damaged or lost cells.

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Stem Cell Therapy Uses

Stem cells are being investigated for potential treatments for a wide range of diseases, including spinal cord injuries, diabetes, Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, and heart disease.

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What is pluripotency?

The ability of a stem cell to differentiate into any cell type in the body, as seen in embryonic stem cells and iPSCs.

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How are iPSCs generated?

Scientists induce pluripotency in adult cells by introducing specific signals that reprogram the cells to become pluripotent stem cells.

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