Cell Biology: Active Transport and Endocytosis
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Questions and Answers

What is the name of the process that moves substances across cell membranes without requiring energy?

Passive transport

What type of transport utilizes membrane proteins to facilitate the movement of molecules across membranes?

Active transport

What is the name of the process where cells absorb substances from their environment by invaginating the plasma membrane and pinching off to form vesicles?

Endocytosis

What type of endocytosis involves the engulfment of large particles, such as bacteria, by a cell?

<p>Phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of endocytosis involves the uptake of fluids and dissolved substances by a cell?

<p>Pinocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Passive transport requires energy from the cell to move substances across cell membranes.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of passive transport?

<p>Active transport (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called where molecules move from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration across a semipermeable membrane without the help of transporter proteins?

<p>Simple diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the process that moves molecules across a membrane with the help of specialized proteins?

<p>Facilitated diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called where the movement of substances across a cell membrane is driven by physical pressure?

<p>Filtration</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called where water moves from a region of low solute concentration to a region of high solute concentration across a semipermeable membrane?

<p>Osmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the cell organelle where phagocytosed particles are digested?

<p>Lysosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

Active transport is a process that requires energy from the cell to move substances across cell membranes.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the sodium-potassium pump?

<p>It is involved in maintaining the cell's membrane potential. (A), It requires energy to function. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Active Transport

Energy-driven transport of molecules across cell membranes, primarily using membrane proteins.

Primary Active Transport

Active transport using ATP hydrolysis to move molecules against their concentration gradient.

Sodium-Potassium Pump

Example of primary active transport, moving sodium out and potassium into the cell.

Steps in Sodium-Potassium Pump

Binding of sodium, ATP hydrolysis, shape change, binding of potassium, release of phosphate, repositioning, and release of potassium.

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Passive Transport

Transport of molecules across cell membranes without energy input.

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Simple Diffusion

Movement of molecules down their concentration gradient, without proteins.

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Facilitated Diffusion

Movement of molecules down their concentration gradient with the help of proteins.

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Filtration

Movement of substances across a membrane based on pressure and size.

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Osmosis

Movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from low to high solute concentration.

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Endocytosis

Process of cells taking in substances by forming vesicles.

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Phagocytosis

Endocytosis of large particles by extending pseudopodia.

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Pinocytosis

Endocytosis of fluids and small particles.

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Carrier protein

Membrane protein that facilitates transport.

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Concentration gradient

Difference in concentration across a region.

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ATP

Adenosine triphosphate, a source of chemical energy in cells.

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ADP

Adenosine diphosphate, a product of ATP hydrolysis.

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Semipermeable membrane

Membrane that allows some substances to pass through, but not others.

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Vesicle

Small membrane-bound sac in cells.

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Cytoplasm

Semifluid inner part of a cell.

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Lysosome

Organelle that breaks down cellular waste.

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Plasma Membrane

Outer boundary of a cell, selectively permeable.

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Study Notes

Active Transport

  • Active transport is an energy-driven process.
  • Membrane proteins move molecules across cells.
  • Types include primary and secondary, based on energy coupling.
  • Primary active transport directly uses energy from ATP hydrolysis to move substances against their concentration gradient.
  • The sodium-potassium pump is an example of primary active transport.
  • In the sodium-potassium pump, the carrier protein binds to three sodium ions, hydrolyzes ATP, releasing energy and attaching a low-energy phosphate group.
  • This causes a shape change, reorienting the protein towards the exterior of the membrane.
  • Two potassium ions attach, the phosphate group detaches.
  • The carrier protein reorients itself toward the interior of the cell, and then releases the two potassium ions into the cytoplasm.
  • Each transporter protein is specific for ions or molecules; ensuring selective transport.

Endocytosis

  • Endocytosis is a process where cells absorb substances from their environment.
  • Substances like large molecules, particles, and other cells
  • The process involves the plasma membrane invaginating and pinching off to form vesicles.
  • These vesicles move substances into the cell.

Phagocytosis

  • A type of endocytosis.
  • The cell's plasma membrane forms pseudopodia ("fake arms") to engulf a particle.
  • The particle is enclosed in a vesicle called a phagosome.
  • The phagosome is digested within a lysosome.

Pinocytosis

  • A type of endocytosis.
  • The cell membrane folds inward, creating a pocket.
  • The pocket traps fluid and dissolved substances.
  • The membrane closes around the pocket, forming a vesicle that moves into the cell.

Passive Transport

  • Passive transport does not require energy.
  • Substances move across cell membranes.
  • Instead of cellular energy, passive transport relies on the second law of thermodynamics.

Types of Passive Transport

  • Simple diffusion: Molecules, atoms, or ions move from a higher concentration to a lower concentration across a semipermeable membrane without the help of transporter proteins.
  • Facilitated diffusion: A type of passive transport, molecules or ions move across a cell membrane with the help of specialized proteins. The transported molecules use proteins to cross the membrane.
  • Filtration: In the context of passive transport, refers to the movement of substances across a cell membrane due to physical pressure. Molecules are pushed through the membrane based on their size and does not require energy; process is often driven by a pressure gradient, like blood pressure.
  • Osmosis: The process by which water or other solvents move through a semipermeable membrane from a region of low solute concentration to a region of high solute concentration. The goal is to equalize solute concentrations on either side of the membrane.

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Description

This quiz covers key concepts related to active transport and endocytosis processes in cell biology. Explore energy-driven mechanisms such as the sodium-potassium pump and the significance of membrane proteins in transporting substances. Test your understanding of these vital cellular functions that maintain homeostasis.

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