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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the nucleus in a cell?
Which organelle is responsible for energy production in a cell?
What is the main role of the Golgi apparatus in a cell?
Which of the following best describes the function of lysosomes?
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What is a key difference between mitochondria and chloroplasts?
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What defines a gene?
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Which of the following correctly describes the plasma membrane?
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What process describes the movement of water across a membrane?
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Which statement about prokaryotes and eukaryotes is correct?
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What is meant by selective permeability in relation to cell membranes?
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What is the smallest and most basic unit of life?
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Which of the following statements is NOT part of cell theory?
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Which biomolecule does DNA belong to?
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What is the correct order from smallest to largest for the terms related to DNA structure?
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Which feature of life is associated with the ability to adapt over generations?
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How many different nucleotides are used to build DNA?
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Which of the following features is NOT listed as one of the main features of life?
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What role does DNA play in an organism?
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Study Notes
The Plasma Membrane
- The plasma membrane is the barrier separating a cell from its external environment.
- It is made of two layers of phospholipids.
- Phospholipids have both an attraction to water (hydrophilic head) and a water-repellent factor (hydrophobic tail).
Diffusion
- The movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to low concentration across a membrane.
- Diffusion uses no energy and happens on its own.
- It's how molecules get into cells across the cell membrane.
Osmosis
- The diffusion of water.
- Water moves from high to low concentration.
- Water follows molecules.
Selective Permeability
- Cell plasma membranes allow some substances to pass through while others do not.
Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
- Cells are categorized into prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
- Prokaryotes are simpler cells with no membrane-bound organelles (e.g., bacteria).
- Eukaryotes are larger and more complex cells with membrane-bound organelles (e.g., animal cells, plant cells).
The Cell
- The smallest and most basic unit of life.
- Microscopic, self-contained units enclosed by a protective membrane.
- The human body is composed of approximately 100 trillion (10¹⁴) cells.
Six Main Features of Life
- Made of cells
- Reproduce
- Undergo metabolism
- Sense and respond to the environment
- Maintain homeostasis
- Evolve
Cell Theory
- Every living organism is composed of one or more cells.
- All cells living today came from a preexisting cell.
DNA
- Deoxyribonucleic acid
- Acts as a set of instructions for building an organism.
- Contained in almost every cell of every living organism.
- Passes information from parents to offspring for cell reproduction.
- Made up of nucleotides held together in a structure called the double helix.
- There are four nucleotides used to build DNA: Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), and Cytosine (C).
Genes
- Segments of DNA that code for distinct genetic characteristics (e.g., eye color, blood type).
- The order of the nucleotides A, T, G & C make up different genes.
Genome
- A cell's complete set of genetic information (all of its DNA).
Organelles
- Specialized compartments within a cell, each with a specific function.
- They are like the cell's organs.
Nucleus
- The control center of the cell.
- Houses DNA.
- Has a nuclear membrane that allows things to enter and exit.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
- Smooth ER: makes lipids and hormones.
- Rough ER: responsible for protein production with the help of ribosomes.
Golgi Apparatus
- Modifies proteins and lipids that come from the ER.
- Can transport proteins across the cell membrane.
Lysosomes
- The "recycling center" of the cell.
- Breaks down and removes waste from the cell.
Cytoskeleton
- Provides structural support for the cell.
- Aids in cell replication.
Mitochondria
- The powerhouse of the cell.
- Transforms sugar into usable energy (called ATP).
Chloroplast
- The powerhouse of the plant cell.
- Contains chlorophyll that transforms sunlight into energy.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the plasma membrane, diffusion, osmosis, and the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. This quiz will help you understand the fundamental concepts of how cells interact with their environment. Prepare to explore selective permeability and various transport mechanisms in cellular biology.
