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Questions and Answers
What primary function does the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) serve in gut epithelial cells?
What primary function does the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) serve in gut epithelial cells?
What is the role of the Golgi Apparatus in cellular function?
What is the role of the Golgi Apparatus in cellular function?
What occurs at the cis face of the Golgi Apparatus?
What occurs at the cis face of the Golgi Apparatus?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the SER?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the SER?
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How does the Golgi Apparatus distribute modified macromolecules?
How does the Golgi Apparatus distribute modified macromolecules?
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What is the primary function of cytoplasm in a cell?
What is the primary function of cytoplasm in a cell?
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Which component of the cytoskeleton is primarily involved in muscle contraction?
Which component of the cytoskeleton is primarily involved in muscle contraction?
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What is the diameter of microtubules?
What is the diameter of microtubules?
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Which type of cytoskeletal fiber is involved in separating chromosomes during cell division?
Which type of cytoskeletal fiber is involved in separating chromosomes during cell division?
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What protein forms the subunits of microfilaments?
What protein forms the subunits of microfilaments?
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Which of the following describes microtubules?
Which of the following describes microtubules?
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What role do intermediate filaments primarily serve in a cell?
What role do intermediate filaments primarily serve in a cell?
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Which organism type primarily utilizes cilia and flagella for movement?
Which organism type primarily utilizes cilia and flagella for movement?
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What is the primary function of intermediate filaments in a cell?
What is the primary function of intermediate filaments in a cell?
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Which of the following proteins are intermediate filaments primarily made of?
Which of the following proteins are intermediate filaments primarily made of?
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Which type of endoplasmic reticulum is studded with ribosomes?
Which type of endoplasmic reticulum is studded with ribosomes?
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What is NOT a component of the endomembrane system?
What is NOT a component of the endomembrane system?
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What is the main role of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum?
What is the main role of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum?
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How does the structure of the endoplasmic reticulum influence its function?
How does the structure of the endoplasmic reticulum influence its function?
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What is one characteristic of intermediate filaments compared to other cytoskeletal elements?
What is one characteristic of intermediate filaments compared to other cytoskeletal elements?
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Which of the following statements about the endoplasmic reticulum is false?
Which of the following statements about the endoplasmic reticulum is false?
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Study Notes
Cell Structure - Cytoplasm
- Cytoplasm is a viscous gel, found within the cell membrane
- It is composed of cytosol (the liquid component) and organelles
- Cytosol is a mixture of cytoskeleton filaments, dissolved molecules, and water
- Each organelle has its own cytoplasm
- Function: serves as a medium for most cellular activities
Cell Structure - Cytoskeleton
- The cytoskeleton is the framework of the cytoplasm
- It is composed of a network of filamentous protein fibers
- It is present in both plant and animal cells
- It is a dynamic structure (continuously changing)
- Functions:
- Maintaining cell shape
- Enabling cellular motion
- Playing roles in intracellular transport and cell division
Cell Structure - Cytoskeleton - Microfilaments
- Microfilaments are a type of cytoskeletal fiber
- They are made of the protein actin
- Function:
- Muscle contraction
- Involved in cell division (cytokinesis)
- Movement of certain cells (e.g., Amoeba, white blood cells)
- Providing cellular support
- Structure: two chains twisted together, long but thin, diameter 6-7nm, flexible and strong, each subunit made of actin
Cell Structure - Cytoskeleton - Microtubules
- Microtubules are a type of cytoskeletal fiber
- They are straight, hollow rods (diameter = 25nm)
- Made of the protein tubulin (α-tubulin and β-tubulin)
- Function:
- Involved in many cellular processes
- Transport of vesicles
- Maintaining cell shape and support
- Separating chromosomes during cell division
- Structure: unstable, easily assembled and disassembled
Cell Structure - Cytoskeleton - Intermediate Filaments
- Intermediate filaments are a type of cytoskeletal fiber
- Functions:
- Prevent excessive stretching of cell shape
- Fix organelles in position
- Most durable and stable
- Structure: made of vimentin (protein), Diameter ranges from 8-12nm. Example: Keratin (skin cells)
Cell Structure - Organelles - Endomembrane System
- This system is a group of membranes and organelles in eukaryotic cells
- Found in eukaryotic cells
- Works together to modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins
- Examples: endoplasmic reticulum (smooth and rough), Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles endosomes, vacuoles (plant cells), and the cell membrane
Cell Structure - Organelles - Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
- Smooth ER: found in a variety of cells. Used for synthesis of lipids, enzymes within SER catalyze various processes, e.g., gut epithelial cells, liver, testes and ovaries.
- Cisternae are tube-like
- Rough ER: Found in cells where proteins are synthesized extensively
- Membrane of RER is continuous with the outer layer of the nuclear envelope
- Cisternae are flat and rough, studded with ribosomes
Cell Structure - Organelles - Golgi Apparatus
- Named after Italian physician Camillo Golgi
- Made of a stack of flattened membranous sacs (cisternae)
- In mammalian cells, typically 5-6 cisternae; in plant cells, more than 20.
- Cisternal space is separated from the cytosol by a membrane
- Abundant in active cells
- Function: modifies, sorts, and packages macromolecules for secretion purposes or use within the cell (e.g., adding carbohydrates, lipids to proteins to create lysosomes).
Cell Structure - Organelles - Golgi Apparatus - Processes
- Vesicles from RER fuse with the cis face (receiving side)
- Contents are modified, marked, and sorted into batches during transit from cis to trans face (shipping side, next to cell membrane).
- Vesicles (budding off trans face) are distributed to various destinations
- Vesicles move to the plasma membrane, fuse with it, and release their contents.
- Vesicle remains as a permanent addition to the plasma membrane.
Cell Structure - Outer Structures
- Cell wall (plants and bacteria)
- Plasma membrane
- Cilia and flagella
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Description
Test your knowledge on the functions of key cellular organelles such as the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum and Golgi Apparatus, as well as the components of the cytoskeleton. This quiz covers essential concepts related to cell structure and function, crucial for understanding cellular biology.
