Cell Biology Quiz

Cell Structure:
- Plasma membrane: semi-permeable membrane that surrounds the cell
- Cytoplasm: jelly-like substance inside the cell where metabolic reactions occur
- Nucleus: contains genetic material (DNA)
- Mitochondria: site of cellular respiration
- Ribosomes: site of protein synthesis
Cellular Organelles:
- Lysosomes: contain digestive enzymes for cellular digestion
- Golgi apparatus: involved in protein modification and transport
- Endoplasmic reticulum (ER): involved in protein synthesis and transport
Cell Division:
- Mitosis: process of cell division resulting in two identical daughter cells
- Meiosis: process of cell division resulting in four non-identical daughter cells (gametes)

Mendelian Genetics:
- Laws of Inheritance:
  - Law of Segregation: each pair of alleles separates during gamete formation
  - Law of Independent Assortment: alleles of different genes are sorted independently
- Monohybrid Cross: cross between two true-breeding parents with different alleles of a single gene
- Dihybrid Cross: cross between two true-breeding parents with different alleles of two genes
DNA Structure:
- Double helix model: two complementary strands of nucleotides
- Nucleotides: composed of sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous bases (A, C, G, and T)
Gene Expression:
- Transcription: process of creating mRNA from DNA
- Translation: process of creating protein from mRNA

Overview:
- Process of generating energy for the cell through the breakdown of glucose
- Occurs in the mitochondria
Stages:
- Glycolysis: breakdown of glucose into pyruvate (occurs in cytoplasm)
- Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle): breakdown of pyruvate into ATP, NADH, and FADH2 (occurs in mitochondria)
- Oxidative Phosphorylation: generation of ATP through the electron transport chain (occurs in mitochondria)

Overview:
- Process of generating energy for the cell through the conversion of light energy into chemical energy
- Occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells
Light-Dependent Reactions:
- Light absorption by pigments (chlorophyll)
- Conversion of light energy into ATP and NADPH
Light-Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle):
- Fixation of CO2 into organic compounds using ATP and NADPH
- Regeneration of RuBP (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate)

Cell Structure:
- Plasma membrane is semi-permeable, allowing certain substances to pass through
- Cytoplasm is the jelly-like substance where metabolic reactions occur
- Nucleus contains genetic material in the form of DNA
- Mitochondria is the site of cellular respiration, generating energy for the cell
- Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis
Cellular Organelles:
- Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes for breaking down cellular waste
- Golgi apparatus is involved in protein modification and transport
- Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) plays a crucial role in protein synthesis and transport

Mendelian Genetics:
- The Law of Segregation states that each pair of alleles separates during gamete formation
- The Law of Independent Assortment states that alleles of different genes are sorted independently
- Monohybrid cross is a cross between two true-breeding parents with different alleles of a single gene
- Dihybrid cross is a cross between two true-breeding parents with different alleles of two genes
DNA Structure:
- The double helix model consists of two complementary strands of nucleotides
- Nucleotides are composed of sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous bases (A, C, G, and T)
Gene Expression:
- Transcription is the process of creating mRNA from DNA
- Translation is the process of creating protein from mRNA

Overview:
- Cellular respiration is the process of generating energy for the cell through the breakdown of glucose
- It occurs in the mitochondria
Stages:
- Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate, occurring in the cytoplasm
- Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle) is the breakdown of pyruvate into ATP, NADH, and FADH2, occurring in the mitochondria
- Oxidative Phosphorylation is the generation of ATP through the electron transport chain, occurring in the mitochondria

Overview:
- Photosynthesis is the process of generating energy for the cell through the conversion of light energy into chemical energy
- It occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells
Light-Dependent Reactions:
- Light absorption by pigments (such as chlorophyll) occurs in the thylakoid membrane
- Light energy is converted into ATP and NADPH
Light-Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle):
- CO2 is fixed into organic compounds using ATP and NADPH
- RuBP (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate) is regenerated