Cell Biology Overview Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is one of the primary functions of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum?

Intra cellular pathway for steroids

Synthesis and storage of lipids

Detoxification of drugs

Protein synthesis (correct)

Which type of Endoplasmic Reticulum is involved in the detoxification of drugs and hormones?

Cisternal Endoplasmic Reticulum

Granular Endoplasmic Reticulum

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (correct)

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

What do matrix granules bind to?

Only calcium

Proteins and lipids

Nucleic acids

Calcium and magnesium (correct)

Which structure is responsible for transferring proteins from the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum to the Golgi apparatus?

Transfer vesicles Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the Golgi apparatus in terms of its structure?

It appears as a series of flattened vesicles Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum?

Protein synthesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the immature, forming face of the Golgi apparatus called?

Cis face Signup and view all the answers

What is a function of the Golgi apparatus concerning modifications?

Couple carbohydrates to proteins and lipids Signup and view all the answers

What is histology primarily concerned with?

The examination of the microscopically structure of normal tissue Signup and view all the answers

Which type of microscope has the highest resolution power?

Electron microscope Signup and view all the answers

What type of stains are used to highlight basic structures?

Acidic stains Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the resolution power of the eye?

0.2 mm Signup and view all the answers

Which microscope can achieve a maximum magnification of about X 100,000?

Electron microscope Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a supravital stain?

To stain living cells outside of a living person Signup and view all the answers

Which stains can be used to stain blood cells?

Leishman's stain Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic does a metachromatic stain provide?

It provides a different color after staining Signup and view all the answers

What roles do integral proteins in the cell membrane play?

They form channels for water-soluble substances. Signup and view all the answers

How do carbohydrates contribute to the cell membrane?

They create surface identity markers. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of selective permeability in the cell membrane?

To enable the passage of substances according to receptors. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of transport requires energy to move substances against a concentration gradient?

Active transport Signup and view all the answers

What process allows cells to engulf large particles like bacteria?

Phagocytosis Signup and view all the answers

Which feature of mitochondria increases the surface area for enzyme deposition?

Cristae Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the cell membrane's surface coat?

Cell recognition and adhesion Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about peripheral proteins in the cell membrane is true?

They are located on the inner or outer surface but are not continuous. Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary lysosomes primarily involved in?

Engulfing macromolecules from outside the cell Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about lysosomes is accurate?

They can transform inactive hormones into active forms. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a heterolysosome?

It results from the fusion of primary lysosomes with bacteria or viruses. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of lysosomes?

Regeneration of dead cells Signup and view all the answers

Where are hydrolytic enzymes primarily produced?

In the rough endoplasmic reticulum Signup and view all the answers

What color do elastic fibers take when stained with Orcein stain?

Brown Signup and view all the answers

Which structure of the cell is considered a membranous organelle?

Mitochondria Signup and view all the answers

What type of fibers can be stained with silver stain, taking on a black color?

Reticular fibers Signup and view all the answers

What component of the cell membrane allows the passage of fat-soluble substances?

Phospholipid bilayer Signup and view all the answers

What color do lipids stain with Sudan III?

Orange Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a cell?

Photosynthesis Signup and view all the answers

Which method is used for visualizing the Golgi apparatus in a cell?

Silver stain Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of osmic acid in cellular staining?

Stains myelin sheath Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cell Organelles and Functions

Matrix granules are phosphor lipoproteins that bind to calcium and magnesium.
DNA and RNA are crucial for mitochondrial replication; mitochondria function in energy production, cell respiration, and their own replication.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

Membranous organelle responsible for protein synthesis and processing.
Appears as basophilic areas due to ribosomes; visible as membrane-bound tubules and cisternae under electron microscopy.
Functions include:
- Protein synthesis, condensation, and packing.
- Transfer proteins to Golgi apparatus.
- Intracellular protein pathway and lysosome formation through hydrolytic enzyme production.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

Membranous organelle without ribosomes; not visible under light microscopy.
Appears as membrane-bound tubules and vesicles in electron microscopy.
Functions include:
- Synthesis and storage of lipids and cholesterol.
- Synthesis of steroid hormones.
- Glycogen storage and formation in liver and muscle.
- Detoxification of drugs and hormones, especially in liver.
- Calcium ion storage and release during muscle contraction.

Golgi Apparatus

Membranous organelle involved in protein processing and secretion.
Appears as a series of flattened, stacked vesicles in electron microscopy.
Has two faces:
- Convex (forming) face: receives proteins from RER.
- Concave (mature) face: releases secretory vesicles carrying modified proteins.
Functions include:
- Concentration, modification, and packaging of proteins and lipids.

Histology Overview

Histology studies the microscopic structure of normal tissues.
Key microscopy types include:
- Light Microscope (L.M.): resolution of 0.2 μm, max magnification of ×1000.
- Electron Microscope (E.M.): resolution of 0.2 nm, max magnification of ×100,000.

Cell Structure

The cell is the basic unit of life, responsible for functions such as growth, secretion, and reproduction.
Cell composition includes cytoplasm, nucleus, and organelles.

Cell Membrane

Membrane structure: trilamellar (two dark layers with a light layer in between).
Composed of approximately:
- 30% Lipids (including phospholipids and cholesterol).
- 60% Proteins (integral and peripheral).
- 10% Carbohydrates (glycolipids and glycoproteins).
Functions:
- Selective permeability and regulation of substance transport (passive and active transport).
- Cellular recognition and adhesion through surface coat structures.

Mitochondria

Membranous organelles responsible for ATP production via respiration.
Vary in number based on cell activity; liver cells may contain 1000-2000 mitochondria.
Structure includes:
- Outer smooth membrane.
- Inner membrane with cristae for increased surface area.
- Matrix containing enzymes and other materials necessary for metabolism.

Lysosomes

Membranous organelles serving as the cell's digestive system, rich in hydrolytic enzymes.
Origin: formed in the RER, transported to Golgi apparatus, and packaged as primary lysosomes.
Types of lysosomes:
- Primary lysosomes: newly formed, homogeneous vesicles.
- Secondary lysosomes: heterogeneous vesicles formed from fusion with macromolecules.
Functions:
- Digestion of nutrients and defense against bacteria through phagocytosis.
- Removal of damaged organelles and cell autolysis post-death.
- Activation of inactive hormones.

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Description

Test your knowledge on key concepts in cell biology, including the functions of mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum. This quiz covers essential topics such as cellular respiration, energy production, and the characteristics of smooth and rough ER. Perfect for students studying biology at an advanced level.