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Questions and Answers
What is one of the primary functions of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum?
What is one of the primary functions of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum?
Which type of Endoplasmic Reticulum is involved in the detoxification of drugs and hormones?
Which type of Endoplasmic Reticulum is involved in the detoxification of drugs and hormones?
What do matrix granules bind to?
What do matrix granules bind to?
Which structure is responsible for transferring proteins from the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum to the Golgi apparatus?
Which structure is responsible for transferring proteins from the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum to the Golgi apparatus?
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What characterizes the Golgi apparatus in terms of its structure?
What characterizes the Golgi apparatus in terms of its structure?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum?
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What is the immature, forming face of the Golgi apparatus called?
What is the immature, forming face of the Golgi apparatus called?
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What is a function of the Golgi apparatus concerning modifications?
What is a function of the Golgi apparatus concerning modifications?
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What is histology primarily concerned with?
What is histology primarily concerned with?
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Which type of microscope has the highest resolution power?
Which type of microscope has the highest resolution power?
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What type of stains are used to highlight basic structures?
What type of stains are used to highlight basic structures?
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Which of the following best describes the resolution power of the eye?
Which of the following best describes the resolution power of the eye?
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Which microscope can achieve a maximum magnification of about X 100,000?
Which microscope can achieve a maximum magnification of about X 100,000?
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What is the purpose of a supravital stain?
What is the purpose of a supravital stain?
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Which stains can be used to stain blood cells?
Which stains can be used to stain blood cells?
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What characteristic does a metachromatic stain provide?
What characteristic does a metachromatic stain provide?
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What roles do integral proteins in the cell membrane play?
What roles do integral proteins in the cell membrane play?
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How do carbohydrates contribute to the cell membrane?
How do carbohydrates contribute to the cell membrane?
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What is the purpose of selective permeability in the cell membrane?
What is the purpose of selective permeability in the cell membrane?
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Which type of transport requires energy to move substances against a concentration gradient?
Which type of transport requires energy to move substances against a concentration gradient?
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What process allows cells to engulf large particles like bacteria?
What process allows cells to engulf large particles like bacteria?
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Which feature of mitochondria increases the surface area for enzyme deposition?
Which feature of mitochondria increases the surface area for enzyme deposition?
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What is the primary function of the cell membrane's surface coat?
What is the primary function of the cell membrane's surface coat?
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Which statement about peripheral proteins in the cell membrane is true?
Which statement about peripheral proteins in the cell membrane is true?
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What are the primary lysosomes primarily involved in?
What are the primary lysosomes primarily involved in?
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Which of the following statements about lysosomes is accurate?
Which of the following statements about lysosomes is accurate?
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What characterizes a heterolysosome?
What characterizes a heterolysosome?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of lysosomes?
Which of the following is NOT a function of lysosomes?
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Where are hydrolytic enzymes primarily produced?
Where are hydrolytic enzymes primarily produced?
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What color do elastic fibers take when stained with Orcein stain?
What color do elastic fibers take when stained with Orcein stain?
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Which structure of the cell is considered a membranous organelle?
Which structure of the cell is considered a membranous organelle?
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What type of fibers can be stained with silver stain, taking on a black color?
What type of fibers can be stained with silver stain, taking on a black color?
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What component of the cell membrane allows the passage of fat-soluble substances?
What component of the cell membrane allows the passage of fat-soluble substances?
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What color do lipids stain with Sudan III?
What color do lipids stain with Sudan III?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a cell?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a cell?
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Which method is used for visualizing the Golgi apparatus in a cell?
Which method is used for visualizing the Golgi apparatus in a cell?
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What is the primary function of osmic acid in cellular staining?
What is the primary function of osmic acid in cellular staining?
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Study Notes
Cell Organelles and Functions
- Matrix granules are phosphor lipoproteins that bind to calcium and magnesium.
- DNA and RNA are crucial for mitochondrial replication; mitochondria function in energy production, cell respiration, and their own replication.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
- Membranous organelle responsible for protein synthesis and processing.
- Appears as basophilic areas due to ribosomes; visible as membrane-bound tubules and cisternae under electron microscopy.
- Functions include:
- Protein synthesis, condensation, and packing.
- Transfer proteins to Golgi apparatus.
- Intracellular protein pathway and lysosome formation through hydrolytic enzyme production.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)
- Membranous organelle without ribosomes; not visible under light microscopy.
- Appears as membrane-bound tubules and vesicles in electron microscopy.
- Functions include:
- Synthesis and storage of lipids and cholesterol.
- Synthesis of steroid hormones.
- Glycogen storage and formation in liver and muscle.
- Detoxification of drugs and hormones, especially in liver.
- Calcium ion storage and release during muscle contraction.
Golgi Apparatus
- Membranous organelle involved in protein processing and secretion.
- Appears as a series of flattened, stacked vesicles in electron microscopy.
- Has two faces:
- Convex (forming) face: receives proteins from RER.
- Concave (mature) face: releases secretory vesicles carrying modified proteins.
- Functions include:
- Concentration, modification, and packaging of proteins and lipids.
Histology Overview
- Histology studies the microscopic structure of normal tissues.
- Key microscopy types include:
- Light Microscope (L.M.): resolution of 0.2 μm, max magnification of ×1000.
- Electron Microscope (E.M.): resolution of 0.2 nm, max magnification of ×100,000.
Cell Structure
- The cell is the basic unit of life, responsible for functions such as growth, secretion, and reproduction.
- Cell composition includes cytoplasm, nucleus, and organelles.
Cell Membrane
- Membrane structure: trilamellar (two dark layers with a light layer in between).
- Composed of approximately:
- 30% Lipids (including phospholipids and cholesterol).
- 60% Proteins (integral and peripheral).
- 10% Carbohydrates (glycolipids and glycoproteins).
- Functions:
- Selective permeability and regulation of substance transport (passive and active transport).
- Cellular recognition and adhesion through surface coat structures.
Mitochondria
- Membranous organelles responsible for ATP production via respiration.
- Vary in number based on cell activity; liver cells may contain 1000-2000 mitochondria.
- Structure includes:
- Outer smooth membrane.
- Inner membrane with cristae for increased surface area.
- Matrix containing enzymes and other materials necessary for metabolism.
Lysosomes
- Membranous organelles serving as the cell's digestive system, rich in hydrolytic enzymes.
- Origin: formed in the RER, transported to Golgi apparatus, and packaged as primary lysosomes.
- Types of lysosomes:
- Primary lysosomes: newly formed, homogeneous vesicles.
- Secondary lysosomes: heterogeneous vesicles formed from fusion with macromolecules.
- Functions:
- Digestion of nutrients and defense against bacteria through phagocytosis.
- Removal of damaged organelles and cell autolysis post-death.
- Activation of inactive hormones.
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Description
Test your knowledge on key concepts in cell biology, including the functions of mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum. This quiz covers essential topics such as cellular respiration, energy production, and the characteristics of smooth and rough ER. Perfect for students studying biology at an advanced level.