Mitochondrial Functions and Cell Biology Quiz

<p>Prophase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neurons and skeletal muscle cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cristae (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ATP synthase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>NADH (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mitochondria have their own round DNA. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydrogen peroxide (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pyruvate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Production of ATP (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To promote ATP synthesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>50S subunit and 30S subunit (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kinesin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Softer substrates promote the expression of brain cell genes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blocks cell contraction, preventing matrix assessment. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cell adhesion and substrate binding (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Using a matrix, drugs, and cell implantation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Eukaryotic ribosomes have different subunit sizes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Star shape (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Post translational modification of proteins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Golgi apparatus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Digest bacteria and cellular debris (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>RER is abundant at the basal ends (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vesicular-tubular clusters (VTCs) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Act as sensors of cellular health (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acidic pH (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Presence of ribosomes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phagocytosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To mediate the internalization of ligands when receptors are bound (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It requires specific binding of receptors to ligands. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It releases materials outside the cell and adds to the cell membrane. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Invaginating to form a pit. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It continues to emit signals within the cell. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The engulfing of large particles. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It forms a new membrane component after vesicle fusion. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Production and secretion of proteins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It plays a key role in the synthesis of cholesterol. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They move along the mRNA to decode genetic information. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Storage of lipid droplets (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Striated muscle cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Erythroblasts producing hemoglobin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To synthesize phospholipids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It stains pink because it is eosinophilic. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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<p>To internalize large particles such as bacteria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pinocytosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The binding of the ligand to its receptor (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exocytosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endocytic vesicle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Receptor-mediated endocytosis uses ligands for internalization, while regular does not (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Clathrin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They continuously bind to their receptors inside the vesicle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>RER has ribosomes on its surface, while SER does not. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>E site (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Calcium sequestration and release. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It has a high amount of ribosomes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lipid droplet storage. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cytochrome P450. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It turns pink, reflecting eosinophilia. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Striated muscle cell. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They store lipids and actively transport them within the cell. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are aggregates of glycogen used as a quick energy source. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Haploid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The cell's plasma membrane bursts, releasing internal molecules. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They export macromolecules from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Their role in determining biological sex (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A silenced X chromosome in females (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Release of caspase-activating enzymes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Secretory/glandular epithelia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They protect cell nuclei from DNA damage caused by light. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To produce and assemble ribosomes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Epithelial cells have sides and are polarized. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>22 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nuclear envelope composed of two membranes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It connects epithelium to connective tissue. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nuclear localization signals and transport proteins. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Laminin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They shorten indicating the cell is aging (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Displays specialized features to interact with the lumen or external environment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Karyotype (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Granular component (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Connective tissue (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Basement membrane (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To provide support and protection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anaphase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Extracellular environment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Actin filaments and myosin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Centromere DNA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To differentiate into specialized cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It reassembles around daughter chromosomes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stem cells can divide indefinitely, progenitor cells cannot. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Metaphase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of bringing substances from outside the cell into the cell's interior.

A type of endocytosis where the cell engulfs large particles, like bacteria, into a phagosome.

A type of endocytosis where the cell takes in small droplets of extracellular fluid into a vesicle.

A type of endocytosis where specific molecules bind to receptors on the cell membrane and are taken into the cell in a vesicle.

The process of releasing substances from inside the cell to the outside.

Vesicles that are covered in special proteins, like clathrin, which help them form and function.

Special proteins, like clathrin, that surround and shape vesicles.

A signaling pathway where the ligand-receptor complex is endocytosed, creating a signal-emitting vesicle within the cell.

Large protein complexes that help transport vesicles along the cytoskeleton.

Proteins that bind to the substrate and form focal adhesions.

A network of protein filaments that provides structural support to the cell, keeping organelles in place.

The process of cell differentiation into different cell types based on the stiffness of the surrounding environment.

The process of creating new tissues to replace damaged or lost ones.

The smallest unit of ribosomes found in prokaryotes.

The larger subunit of eukaryotic ribosomes.

A type of RNA that has enzymatic activity during protein synthesis.

The time period when the cell divides its nucleus and cytoplasm, resulting in two daughter cells.

The time period when the cell grows, duplicates its genetic material, and prepares for division.

A stage where cells that have exited the cell cycle remain inactive, similar to sleeping.

The process of duplicating DNA to create two copies of each chromosome, ensuring each daughter cell receives a complete set.

The first phase of mitosis where the nucleolus disappears, chromosomes condense, and microtubules form a spindle to separate the chromosomes.

A highly folded inner membrane of mitochondria, increasing surface area for ATP production.

The gel-like substance inside mitochondria, containing enzymes crucial for ATP production.

The theory explaining the origin of mitochondria, stating they were once free-living bacteria.

The process by which pyruvate and fatty acids are converted to acetyl CoA, yielding ATP and NADH, a key electron carrier.

The movement of electrons through protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane, generating a proton gradient.

An enzyme complex in mitochondria that uses the proton gradient to synthesize ATP.

Small, membrane-bound organelles in the cytoplasm containing oxidative enzymes.

The process of breaking down long-chain fatty acids in peroxisomes, generating acetyl CoA and hydrogen peroxide.

Specialized epithelial cells that secrete substances into an enclosed lumen, like pancreatic acinar cells releasing digestive enzymes into the intestine.

A cellular organelle composed of stacked, flattened membrane-bound sacs called cisternae, involved in protein modification, sorting, and packaging.

The receiving end of the Golgi apparatus, closest to the RER, where proteins enter the Golgi.

The releasing end of the Golgi apparatus, where modified proteins are packaged into vesicles and sent to their final destinations.

Membrane-bound organelles containing hydrolytic enzymes, responsible for breaking down cellular waste, worn-out organelles, and ingested materials.

The powerhouse of the cell, responsible for producing ATP, the main energy currency used in cellular processes.

The outer membrane of the mitochondria, containing porins, which allow small molecules to pass through.

The process of programmed cell death, initiated by mitochondria in response to cellular stress.

Ribosomes are essential for protein synthesis. They are composed of two subunits: a large and a small subunit. The subunits are assembled within the nucleolus, and then exported to the cytoplasm. Once in the cytoplasm, ribosomes bind to mRNA and move along it to read the genetic code contained within the mRNA sequence.

The 'A' site is the aminoacyl site where a new tRNA carrying an amino acid binds to the mRNA. The 'P' site is the peptidyl site where the growing polypeptide chain is attached to the tRNA. The 'E' site is the exit site where the tRNA, which has released its amino acid, leaves the ribosome.

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a network of interconnected membranes that extends throughout the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. It is a vast organelle that plays several vital roles in the cell, including protein synthesis, lipid metabolism, and detoxification. The ER is divided into two main regions: the rough ER (RER) and the smooth ER (SER).

The RER is studded with ribosomes, which are responsible for protein synthesis and translation. These ribosomes give the RER its 'rough' appearance. The RER is primarily involved in producing proteins that are destined for secretion outside of the cell or for incorporation into membranes. The flattened sacs of the RER are called cisternae.

The SER lacks ribosomes, giving it a smooth appearance. Its functions are diverse and include: 1) Synthesis of lipids (e.g., phospholipids, steroids), 2) Detoxification of harmful substances (e.g., drugs, alcohol), 3) Calcium storage and release. This plays a key role in muscle contraction. 4) Lipid droplet biogenesis.

The lumen of the ER is the internal space enclosed by the ER membrane. It plays an important role in protein folding and modification. It is also the site of lipid droplet biogenesis.

Cells that produce few or no proteins for secretion, like erythrocytes, have little RER and primarily free ribosomes in their cytoplasm. Cells that synthesize, segregate, and store proteins for secretion, like eosinophilic leucocytes, have well-developed RER, Golgi apparatus, and secretory granules.

The SER plays a crucial role in calcium sequestration and controlled release. This is particularly important in striated muscle cells where the SER, specialized as the sarcoplasmic reticulum, regulates muscle contraction.

Lipid droplets are single-membrane vesicles that store lipids. They are abundant in cells of the adrenal cortex and cooperate with other organelles to transport lipids effectively.

Glycogen granules are clusters of glycogen, a carbohydrate polymer, used to store glucose. They lack a membrane and are abundant in cells with high energy demands.

Pigment deposits (PD) are cellular structures that contain diverse complex substances like melanin granules. Melanin protects cell nuclei from light damage.

Necrosis is a form of cell death where the cell swells, its membrane ruptures, and contents leak out, causing inflammation.

Apoptosis is programmed cell death where the cell breaks down into small pieces without causing inflammation. It is regulated by molecules like cytochrome C.

The nuclear envelope is a double-membrane structure surrounding the nucleus. It's connected to the ER and regulates the passage of molecules.

Importins transport molecules from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, while exportins transport molecules out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm.

The perinuclear cisterna is the space between the two membranes of the nuclear envelope. It's connected to the ER and allows for communication between these structures.

X and Y chromosomes are the sex chromosomes, while the remaining 22 pairs in the karyotype are called autosomes.

Haploid cells have one set of chromosomes (n), while diploid cells have two sets (2n). This refers to the total number of chromosomes present in a cell.

A karyotype is an organized display of an individual's chromosomes. A normal human karyotype contains 46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs.

FISH probes bind to specific DNA sequences, allowing scientists to identify and visualize different regions of chromosomes.

The Barr body is a condensed, inactive X chromosome found only in female cells. It's essentially a silenced X chromosome.

Telomeres are protective caps at the ends of chromosomes that shorten with each cell division. This serves as a cellular aging clock.

The nucleolus is a spherical structure inside the nucleus that manufactures ribosomes, essential for protein synthesis.

The nucleolus is divided into three components: the fibrillar center (rRNA genes and Pol I), the dense fibrillar component (nascent rRNA), and the granular component (ribosomal subunit assembly).

The 'A' site: where a new tRNA carrying an amino acid binds to the mRNA. The 'P' site: where the growing polypeptide chain is attached to the tRNA. The 'E' site: where the tRNA that has released its amino acid exits the ribosome.

The ER is a network of interconnected membranes extending throughout the cytoplasm. It plays crucial roles in protein synthesis, lipid metabolism, and detoxification. It's of two main types: rough ER (RER) and smooth ER (SER).

The RER has ribosomes attached, giving it a rough appearance, and participates in producing proteins destined for secretion or membrane inclusion. Its flattened sacs are called cisternae.

The SER lacks ribosomes, making it smooth. It is involved in lipid synthesis (phospholipids, steroids), detoxification, calcium storage and release, and contributes to lipid droplet biogenesis.

Cells with little RER and mostly free ribosomes produce few proteins for secretion (like erythrocytes), while those actively secreting (like eosinophilic leucocytes) have well-developed RER, Golgi, and secretory granules.

The stage of mitosis where replicated chromosomes condense further, kinetochores attach to the spindle, and chromosomes align at the equatorial plate.

The stage of mitosis where sister chromatids separate and move towards opposite poles of the cell due to microtubule motor proteins and dynamic changes in microtubule length.

The final stage of mitosis where chromosomes uncoil, the nuclear envelope reforms, and the spindle disappears.

The process of dividing the cytoplasm and organelles into two daughter cells following mitosis. It involves a contractile ring of actin filaments that constricts and forms a cleavage furrow.

A type of cell division where the DNA is divided equally between two daughter cells, but the daughter cells may differ in their fate or function due to differences in the extracellular environment.

Cells that have the potential to differentiate into various cell types and self-renew indefinitely.

Organized structures composed of cells and extracellular matrix. They are found in both embryonic and adult organisms. Examples include muscle tissue, nervous tissue, and connective tissue.

The extracellular environment can influence the fate of stem cells during asymmetrical cell division, leading to the differentiation of one daughter cell into a specific cell type while the other maintains its stem cell characteristics.

A type of tissue that forms the outer layer of organs and lines body cavities. It consists of tightly packed cells with little extracellular matrix. Its main functions are protection, secretion, and absorption.

Epithelial cells that are specialized to release substances either externally, like sweat glands, or into internal cavities, like gastric glands.

The side of an epithelial cell that faces the lumen or external environment. It may have special features like cilia or microvilli.

The side of an epithelial cell that interacts with neighboring cells. It's connected by cell adhesion molecules and junctional complexes.

The side of an epithelial cell that rests on the basement membrane. It gets nutrients and oxygen from the underlying connective tissue.

A thin, specialized structure composed of proteins. It anchors epithelial tissue to the underlying connective tissue, providing mechanical support and regulating communication between the two.

The inner layer of the basement membrane. It's rich in laminin and type IV collagen, providing structural support and regulating cell behavior.

The outer layer of the basement membrane. It contains collagen type III fibers and is connected to the basal lamina by anchoring fibrils of type VII collagen.