Cell Biology: Mechanotransduction and Cellular Functions

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Questions and Answers

Venous occlusion of a leg deep vein will result in a warm, swollen leg, with pitting edema.

True

Neurons are very susceptible to the effect of decreased blood flow because they do not have the ability to adapt.

True

Abrupt exposure to cold after active vasodilatation will increase capillary permeability potentially leading to chronic inflammation and immune reactions by increasing intercellular spaces.

True

Which factor contributed most to the discovery of a big saddle thrombus on the bifurcation of the pulmonary artery in a 72-year-old man who had a cerebral infarct and died after attempting to walk?

Venous stasis Signup and view all the answers

Normal state of endothelial cells is associated with all of the following EXCEPT:

Exposure of collagen and tissue factor Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their meaning:

Localized edema = Acute inflammation Pulmonary congestion = Chronic RVF Arterial obstruction producing a red infarction = Fingers Signup and view all the answers

When an individual experiences chest pain, they should rest and not go out and exercise in order to?

Increase tissue susceptibility to ischemia Signup and view all the answers

The balance between prostacyclin and thromboxane A2 manifest at the level of:

Vasodilation/ vasoconstriction Signup and view all the answers

Macrophages may be classically activated (M1) by all of the following EXCEPT:

Extracellular matrix scaffold Signup and view all the answers

What is characteristic of chronic inflammation?

Necrosis and scar formation are usually present, Major involved cells are macrophages and multiple classes of lymphocytes Signup and view all the answers

In Dr Parker's principle, 'I will anticipate the good -- even during the bad', one may find an analogy with pathology: even when injury happens and inflammation develops, the potential for repair is also there.

True Signup and view all the answers

What type of inflammation is produced by tuberculosis?

Chronic granulomatous, caseating inflammation Signup and view all the answers

Match the following cells with their respective tissues:

Skin = Labile Mouth = Labile Intestinal epithelia = Labile Kidney = Stable Blood vessels endothelia = Stable Brain = Permanent Heart muscle = Permanent Skeletal muscle = Permanent Signup and view all the answers

Components of mechanotransduction include:

Transmembrane integrins Signup and view all the answers

A cell's cytosol is mainly involved in metabolism, transport, and protein translation.

True Signup and view all the answers

A cell has a small number of lysosomes that are involved in lipid ________.

degradation Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

Lesion = The morphological and/or functional disruptive change produced in a tissue or organ as a result of the disease or disease process Homeostasis = A steady state of relative equilibrium of internal physical and chemical conditions maintained by living systems Metabolism = Life-sustaining biochemical reactions in an organism, mostly to provide energy and building blocks from food, and the removal of waste Apoptosis = Programmed cell death, at the end of its lifespan or due to accumulation of damaged and irreparable internal cellular components Necrosis = Multiple cells death due to severe injury, mostly inducing an inflammatory response Inflammation = A response of vascularized tissues that delivers leukocytes and molecules of host defense from the circulation to the sites of infection and cell damage in order to eliminate the offending agents, tissue becoming red, swollen, hot, and often painful Disease = An interruption, cessation, or disorder in the function of a body organ or system that is characterized by a recognized etiologic agent, an identifiable group of signs and symptoms, or consistent anatomic alteration Pathology = The description of the structural and functional changes in cells, tissues, and organs of the body that cause or are caused by disease Signup and view all the answers

Histopathology is the study of changes due to disease in the body's tissue.

True Signup and view all the answers

Cytopathology is the study of the changes caused by disease in free cells or small cell blocks.

True Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are components of mechanotransduction?

Cytoskeletal structures Signup and view all the answers

A cell has a small number of lysosomes that are involved in lipid degradations.

False Signup and view all the answers

A cell's cytosol is mainly involved in metabolism, transport, protein translation.

True Signup and view all the answers

Mechanobiology studies mechanical phenomena at the molecular level, while biomechanics studies at the macroscopic level.

True Signup and view all the answers

Histopathology is the study of changes due to disease in body's ________.

tissue Signup and view all the answers

Cytopathology is the study of the changes caused by disease in free cells or small cell ________.

blocks Signup and view all the answers

Match the following programming languages with their primary usage:

Python = General-purpose programming JavaScript = Client-side scripting for web applications SQL = Database queries CSS = Styling web pages Signup and view all the answers

The balance between prostacyclin and thromboxane A2 manifests at the level of:

Vasodilation/vasoconstriction Signup and view all the answers

Macrophages may be classically activated (M1) by all of the following EXCEPT:

Growth factors Signup and view all the answers

Angiogenesis requires:

Growth factors and extracellular matrix scaffold Signup and view all the answers

The metalloproteinases involved in matrix remodeling:

Are influenced by tissue stiffness and need Zn or other metal cofactors Signup and view all the answers

In Dr Parker's principle "I will anticipate the good -- even during the bad," one may find an analogy with pathology: even when injury happens and inflammation develops, the potential for repair is also there.

True Signup and view all the answers

Factors that impair tissue repair by regeneration include all of the following EXCEPT:

Intact connective tissue framework Signup and view all the answers

A deep leg wound that is cleaned and sutured heals with the formation of a scar. Which nutrient is required for proper collagen deposition?

Vitamin C Signup and view all the answers

What is the type of molecule that provides strength to a repaired (healed) wound?

Collagen type I Signup and view all the answers

Venous occlusion of a leg deep vein will result in a warm, swollen leg, with pitting edema.

True Signup and view all the answers

Neurons are very susceptible to the effect of decreased blood flow because they do not have the ability to adapt.

True Signup and view all the answers

Abrupt exposure to cold after active vasodilatation will increase capillary permeability potentially leading to chronic inflammation and immune reactions by increasing intercellular spaces.

True Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributed most to the discovery of a big saddle thrombus on the pulmonary artery bifurcation of the 72-year-old man?

Venous stasis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT associated with the normal state of endothelial cells?

Exposure of collagen and tissue factor Signup and view all the answers

What produces a localized edema?

Acute inflammation Signup and view all the answers

What causes pulmonary congestion?

Chronic LVF Signup and view all the answers

Where would an arterial obstruction produce a red infarction?

Lungs Signup and view all the answers

When an individual experiences chest pain, they should rest and not go out and exercise in order to?

Increase tissue susceptibility to ischemia Signup and view all the answers

During the initial phase of ischemia, which of the following occurs?

There is a depletion of ATP and failure of Na/K ATP pump Signup and view all the answers

Epigenetic factors can alter the chromatin and its expression without changing the DNA sequence.

True Signup and view all the answers

Which components are involved in mechanotransduction?

Cytoskeletal structures Signup and view all the answers

Mechanical tension can alter DNA expression in certain cells like fibroblasts or endothelial cells, changing their behavior.

True Signup and view all the answers

Compensatory mechanisms in shock try to maintain cerebral and cardiac blood flow and blood pressure by inducing peripheral vasodilatation.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the word for the physical expression of your DNA?

Phenotype Signup and view all the answers

A cell's cytosol is mainly involved in metabolism, transport, protein translation.

True Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements are true of Cytogenetic disorders?

Monosomies of sex chromosomes are typically incompatible with life Signup and view all the answers

Etiology is the study of the biochemical reactions that provide energy in an organism.

False Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms to their definitions:

In which scenario would you typically observe fibrinoid necrosis?

Complex antigen-antibody deposition in the wall of blood vessels Signup and view all the answers

Is autophagy a survival mechanism to recycle cell components during periods of starvation?

True Signup and view all the answers

Amyloid accumulation seen in Alzheimer's Disease is produced by what? ______

Defect in protein folding, assembling, and/or transport Signup and view all the answers

Match the term to its definition:

Metaplasia = A replacement of one differentiated cell type by another cell type Hypertrophy = An increase in size of a previously normal tissue or organ due to an increase in size of the individual cells within that tissue or organ Atrophy = A decrease in size of a previously normal tissue or organ due first to a decrease in the size of the cells within the tissue or organ, and second, a decrease in cell number Hyperplasia = An increase in size of a previously normal tissue or organ due to an increase in the number of cells within that tissue or organ Dysplasia = A change in both the growth and differentiation of the tissue with the production of a disordered tissue architecture Signup and view all the answers

What type of necrosis is most probable to be found in the abdomen of a patient with acute pancreatitis superimposed on chronic pancreatitis?

Fat enzymatic Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of cell death to the provided description:

Apoptosis = Plasma membrane relative intact covering fragments of the cell, cell size is usually reduced, local inflammation is mostly absent, may happen also physiologically at the end of cell life span Necrosis = Cellular content leaks out, plasma membrane disrupted or ruptured, inflammation is often present at the site, cell is usually enlarged Signup and view all the answers

Dr. Parker believed that the way we perceive reality is related to our biases and beliefs in a principle that states: 'Seeing is not believing...believing is seeing.'

True Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Mechanotransduction

Components of mechanotransduction include:
- Cytoskeletal structures
- Extracellular matrix molecules
- Selected lipid domains/lipid rafts
- Transmembrane integrins
Diseases with abnormal cell mechanics or mechanotransduction as a causative factor:
- Cancer
- Migraine
- Chronic back pain
- Hypertension

Cell Biology

A cell has a small number of lysosomes involved in lipid degradations
A cell's cytosol is mainly involved in:
- Metabolism
- Transport
- Protein translation
In a state of homeostasis, physical and chemical parameters are kept within tight limits
The electrical and mechanical properties of the cell membrane are maintained by:
- Combined effect of lipids and proteins

Histopathology and Biomechanics

Histopathology is the study of changes due to disease in body tissue(s)
Cytopathology is the study of changes caused by disease in free cells or small cell blocks
Biomechanics studies mechanical phenomena at a macroscopic level
Mechanobiology studies mechanical phenomena at a molecular level

Cell Death and Inflammation

Apoptosis is a type of programmed cell death
Necrosis is a type of cell death due to severe injury, often inducing an inflammatory response
Inflammation is a response of vascularized tissues that delivers leukocytes and molecules of host defense to sites of infection and cell damage

Cell Types and Inflammation

Macrophages are involved in the recognition of injurious agents in tissues
Dendritic cells are also involved in the recognition of injurious agents in tissues
Neutrophils are the main cells seen in acute inflammation
Lymphocytes are involved in chronic inflammation

Inflammation Phases

Acute inflammation:
- Fast onset
- Prominent clinical signs
- Resolution is a common outcome
- Involved cells are mainly neutrophils
Chronic inflammation:
- Involves mostly adaptive immune response
- Lymphocytes are a major cell component
- Can last for months
- Tissue destruction is often progressive and may become severe

Mediators of Inflammation

Major mediators involved in increased inflammatory pain:
- Platelet activating factor
- Bradykinin
- Prostaglandins
Substance P:
- Secreted by sensory neurons
- Increases chemotaxis
- Increases vessel diameter
- Increases cytokine production
Leukotriene B4:
- Produced by the action of lipoxygenase on arachidonic acid
- A potent chemotactic factor for neutrophils

Tissue Repair

Angiogenesis requires:
- Growth factors
- Extracellular matrix scaffold
Macrophages may be classically activated (M1) by:
- Growth factors
- TLR ligands
- Interferon-γ
Metalloproteinases involved in matrix remodeling:
- Are influenced by tissue stiffness
- Need Zn or other metal cofactors
Collagen type I provides strength to a repaired wound

Immune Response

X-linked agammaglobulinemia:
- A primary immunodeficiency disease
- Characterized by a low number of B cells and an absence of plasma cells
Selective IgA deficiency:
- A primary immunodeficiency disease
- Characterized by a lack of IgA production
HIV infection:
- Causes AIDS
- Affects the immune system
Immune senescence:
- Refers to sequestration of immune stem cells with age in the bone marrow
- Adaptive immunity is affected more than innate one
- Associated with accumulation of oxidative damages
- There is a decline in T-cell functions due to the progressive involution of the thymus### Immunology
Type III hypersensitivity is mediated by antigen-antibody complexes
External antigens are presented to T-helper (CD4+) cells using MHC II molecules
The tissue damage caused by type II hypersensitivity is mediated by antibodies like IgG and IgM
Rheumatoid arthritis develops pannus in the joints, leading to radial deviation of the fingers
An immature pre-B cell that recognizes self-antigens may undergo receptor editing and testing again
The tissue damage caused by type II hypersensitivity is mediated by antibodies like IgG and IgM
ABO system is found on the outside of human red blood cells

Autoimmune Diseases

There is evidence that autoimmune diseases have a higher incidence if there is a lack of infections in childhood
Systemic sclerosis is a systemic autoimmune disease

Tissue Fluid Balance

Dr. Parker's principle "Nature will give me what I act like I already have" describes a connection between thoughts, expectations, and actions
Glymphatic system helps drain lymphatic fluid from the brain during sleep
Acetylcholine released by visceral/autonomic sensory terminals is not a direct factor in tissue fluid balance
The pressure in the interstitial tissue is regulated mostly by the extracellular matrix expansion

Hemostasis

The first stage in hemostasis is vasoconstriction
A white infarction usually occurs when there is a block of an end artery
Venous occlusion of a leg deep vein will result in a warm, swollen leg, with pitting edema
Neurons are very susceptible to the effect of decreased blood flow because they do not have the ability to adapt
Abrupt exposure to cold after active vasodilatation will increase capillary permeability, potentially leading to chronic inflammation and immune reactions
A localized edema is produced by septicemia, acute inflammation, cardiac failure, or hypoproteinemia

Genetics

The probability of a girl inheriting the UV223 gene is 50%
The probability of a girl seeing UV as a color is 0%
The probability of a boy inheriting the gene and seeing the new color is 50%
Imprinting affects the expression of the UV223 gene
Epigenetic factors can alter the chromatin and its expression without changing the DNA sequence
Mechanical tension can alter DNA expression in certain cells, changing their behavior

Inflammation

The correct sequence of events for an inflammatory reaction is recognition, regulation, and removal
Compensatory mechanisms in shock try to maintain cerebral and cardiac blood flow and blood pressure by inducing peripheral vasoconstriction
The physical expression of DNA is the phenotype
Cytogenetic disorders include monosomies and trisomies of sex chromosomes and autosomal chromosomes

Cytoskeleton

Marfan's syndrome is a disease caused by an alteration to the fibrillin molecule
Hereditary spherocytosis is a condition produced by a mutation that produces an abnormal cytoskeleton
Neurofibrosis 1 is a disease caused by a problem with growth control proteins

Hemostasis

A patient with a history of frequent nose bleeds and increased menstrual flow may have a derangement of von Willebrand factor activity
Dr. Parker's principle "There is no philosophy by which I can do a thing if I think I cannot" applies to taking exams or preparing for them
Hypovolemia causes shock by decreasing venous return
A disease caused by deletion of a whole triplet is Thalassemia

Epigenetics

Proper correction of tissue tone after an injury will improve healing through epigenetic mechanisms
Aneuploidy refers to having an extra chromosome or being short one chromosome
C-reactive protein acts mostly as an opsonin

Mechanotransduction

Components of mechanotransduction include:
- Cytoskeletal structures
- Extracellular matrix molecules
- Selected lipid domains/lipid rafts
- Transmembrane integrins
Diseases with abnormal cell mechanics or mechanotransduction as a causative factor:
- Cancer
- Migraine
- Chronic back pain
- Hypertension

Cell Biology

A cell has a small number of lysosomes involved in lipid degradations
A cell's cytosol is mainly involved in:
- Metabolism
- Transport
- Protein translation
In a state of homeostasis, physical and chemical parameters are kept within tight limits
The electrical and mechanical properties of the cell membrane are maintained by:
- Combined effect of lipids and proteins

Histopathology and Biomechanics

Histopathology is the study of changes due to disease in body tissue(s)
Cytopathology is the study of changes caused by disease in free cells or small cell blocks
Biomechanics studies mechanical phenomena at a macroscopic level
Mechanobiology studies mechanical phenomena at a molecular level

Cell Death and Inflammation

Apoptosis is a type of programmed cell death
Necrosis is a type of cell death due to severe injury, often inducing an inflammatory response
Inflammation is a response of vascularized tissues that delivers leukocytes and molecules of host defense to sites of infection and cell damage

Cell Types and Inflammation

Macrophages are involved in the recognition of injurious agents in tissues
Dendritic cells are also involved in the recognition of injurious agents in tissues
Neutrophils are the main cells seen in acute inflammation
Lymphocytes are involved in chronic inflammation

Inflammation Phases

Acute inflammation:
- Fast onset
- Prominent clinical signs
- Resolution is a common outcome
- Involved cells are mainly neutrophils
Chronic inflammation:
- Involves mostly adaptive immune response
- Lymphocytes are a major cell component
- Can last for months
- Tissue destruction is often progressive and may become severe

Mediators of Inflammation

Major mediators involved in increased inflammatory pain:
- Platelet activating factor
- Bradykinin
- Prostaglandins
Substance P:
- Secreted by sensory neurons
- Increases chemotaxis
- Increases vessel diameter
- Increases cytokine production
Leukotriene B4:
- Produced by the action of lipoxygenase on arachidonic acid
- A potent chemotactic factor for neutrophils

Tissue Repair

Angiogenesis requires:
- Growth factors
- Extracellular matrix scaffold
Macrophages may be classically activated (M1) by:
- Growth factors
- TLR ligands
- Interferon-γ
Metalloproteinases involved in matrix remodeling:
- Are influenced by tissue stiffness
- Need Zn or other metal cofactors
Collagen type I provides strength to a repaired wound

Immune Response

X-linked agammaglobulinemia:
- A primary immunodeficiency disease
- Characterized by a low number of B cells and an absence of plasma cells
Selective IgA deficiency:
- A primary immunodeficiency disease
- Characterized by a lack of IgA production
HIV infection:
- Causes AIDS
- Affects the immune system
Immune senescence:
- Refers to sequestration of immune stem cells with age in the bone marrow
- Adaptive immunity is affected more than innate one
- Associated with accumulation of oxidative damages
- There is a decline in T-cell functions due to the progressive involution of the thymus### Immunology
Type III hypersensitivity is mediated by antigen-antibody complexes
External antigens are presented to T-helper (CD4+) cells using MHC II molecules
The tissue damage caused by type II hypersensitivity is mediated by antibodies like IgG and IgM
Rheumatoid arthritis develops pannus in the joints, leading to radial deviation of the fingers
An immature pre-B cell that recognizes self-antigens may undergo receptor editing and testing again
The tissue damage caused by type II hypersensitivity is mediated by antibodies like IgG and IgM
ABO system is found on the outside of human red blood cells

Autoimmune Diseases

There is evidence that autoimmune diseases have a higher incidence if there is a lack of infections in childhood
Systemic sclerosis is a systemic autoimmune disease

Tissue Fluid Balance

Dr. Parker's principle "Nature will give me what I act like I already have" describes a connection between thoughts, expectations, and actions
Glymphatic system helps drain lymphatic fluid from the brain during sleep
Acetylcholine released by visceral/autonomic sensory terminals is not a direct factor in tissue fluid balance
The pressure in the interstitial tissue is regulated mostly by the extracellular matrix expansion

Hemostasis

The first stage in hemostasis is vasoconstriction
A white infarction usually occurs when there is a block of an end artery
Venous occlusion of a leg deep vein will result in a warm, swollen leg, with pitting edema
Neurons are very susceptible to the effect of decreased blood flow because they do not have the ability to adapt
Abrupt exposure to cold after active vasodilatation will increase capillary permeability, potentially leading to chronic inflammation and immune reactions
A localized edema is produced by septicemia, acute inflammation, cardiac failure, or hypoproteinemia

Genetics

The probability of a girl inheriting the UV223 gene is 50%
The probability of a girl seeing UV as a color is 0%
The probability of a boy inheriting the gene and seeing the new color is 50%
Imprinting affects the expression of the UV223 gene
Epigenetic factors can alter the chromatin and its expression without changing the DNA sequence
Mechanical tension can alter DNA expression in certain cells, changing their behavior

Inflammation

The correct sequence of events for an inflammatory reaction is recognition, regulation, and removal
Compensatory mechanisms in shock try to maintain cerebral and cardiac blood flow and blood pressure by inducing peripheral vasoconstriction
The physical expression of DNA is the phenotype
Cytogenetic disorders include monosomies and trisomies of sex chromosomes and autosomal chromosomes

Cytoskeleton

Marfan's syndrome is a disease caused by an alteration to the fibrillin molecule
Hereditary spherocytosis is a condition produced by a mutation that produces an abnormal cytoskeleton
Neurofibrosis 1 is a disease caused by a problem with growth control proteins

Hemostasis

A patient with a history of frequent nose bleeds and increased menstrual flow may have a derangement of von Willebrand factor activity
Dr. Parker's principle "There is no philosophy by which I can do a thing if I think I cannot" applies to taking exams or preparing for them
Hypovolemia causes shock by decreasing venous return
A disease caused by deletion of a whole triplet is Thalassemia

Epigenetics

Proper correction of tissue tone after an injury will improve healing through epigenetic mechanisms
Aneuploidy refers to having an extra chromosome or being short one chromosome
C-reactive protein acts mostly as an opsonin

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Description

This quiz covers cell biology topics such as mechanotransduction, cellular structures, and functions. It includes questions on cytoskeletal structures, extracellular matrix molecules, and diseases related to abnormal cell mechanics.