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Questions and Answers
During which phase of mitosis do chromosomes become visible as thick threads or rods?
During which phase of mitosis do chromosomes become visible as thick threads or rods?
- Metaphase
- Prophase (correct)
- Anaphase
- Telophase
What is the primary function of mitosis?
What is the primary function of mitosis?
- To produce two genetically identical cells. (correct)
- To facilitate cellular movement and separation, directly before cytokinesis.
- To produce four genetically different gametes.
- To reduce the number of chromosomes in a cell by half.
What is the literal meaning of the term 'cytokinesis'?
What is the literal meaning of the term 'cytokinesis'?
- DNA replication
- Cell separation or of cells moving apart (correct)
- Nuclear division
- Chromosome condensation
Which of the following best describes the duration of mitosis?
Which of the following best describes the duration of mitosis?
When does cytokinesis begin in relation to the phases of mitosis?
When does cytokinesis begin in relation to the phases of mitosis?
During which phase of interphase does DNA replication occur?
During which phase of interphase does DNA replication occur?
What is the main activity of a cell during the G1 phase of interphase?
What is the main activity of a cell during the G1 phase of interphase?
What is the primary function of the G2 checkpoint in the cell cycle?
What is the primary function of the G2 checkpoint in the cell cycle?
Which event marks the end of interphase and prepares the cell for division?
Which event marks the end of interphase and prepares the cell for division?
In which phase of the cell cycle does mitosis occur?
In which phase of the cell cycle does mitosis occur?
What is the term for the division of the cell into two daughter cells?
What is the term for the division of the cell into two daughter cells?
Which type of cells typically cannot divide after they have fully matured?
Which type of cells typically cannot divide after they have fully matured?
What event happens first, during cell division?
What event happens first, during cell division?
Flashcards
What is G1 phase?
What is G1 phase?
The first phase of interphase where the cell grows, synthesizes proteins, and makes new organelles.
What happens during the S phase?
What happens during the S phase?
The phase of interphase where the cell replicates its DNA, ensuring that each daughter cell receives a copy.
What is G2 phase?
What is G2 phase?
The final phase of interphase where the cell synthesizes proteins and organelles needed for cell division.
What does the G1 checkpoint ensure?
What does the G1 checkpoint ensure?
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What does the G2 checkpoint check for?
What does the G2 checkpoint check for?
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What is mitosis?
What is mitosis?
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What is cytokinesis?
What is cytokinesis?
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Why is cell division important?
Why is cell division important?
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What happens during metaphase?
What happens during metaphase?
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What happens during anaphase?
What happens during anaphase?
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How does cytokinesis occur?
How does cytokinesis occur?
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Study Notes
Interphase
- Interphase prepares cells for division, consisting of G1, S, and G2 subphases.
- G1 (Gap 1): Metabolically active, rapid protein synthesis, and vigorous growth. Duration varies greatly, from hours in rapidly dividing cells to days or years in slow-dividing ones. Centriole replication begins near the end of G1.
- S (Synthetic) phase: DNA replicates, ensuring identical genetic material in daughter cells.
- G2 (Gap 2): Brief; synthesis of enzymes needed for cell division. Centriole replication finishes. Cell is ready to divide.
- Throughout all three subphases, the cell grows, produces proteins and organelles, and performs normal metabolic activities.
- Checkpoints (throughout the cell cycle) assess cell activity, including growth, DNA replication, and spindle formation.
- G1 checkpoint assesses cell size prior to DNA synthesis.
- G2 checkpoint checks DNA damage and replication accuracy.
- Mutations in genes at these checkpoints can cause uncontrolled division and tumor growth.
Cell Division
- Essential for body growth and tissue repair.
- Different cell types have varying division rates.
- Short-lived cells (e.g., skin, intestinal) divide continuously.
- Some cells (e.g., liver) divide slowly but rapidly if damaged.
- Specialized cells (e.g., nervous, most muscle) cannot divide after maturation.
- Division occurs in the M (mitotic) phase following interphase.
- Most cell types divide through mitosis (nucleus division) and cytokinesis (cell division).
Mitosis
- Replicated DNA from the original cell is divided into two new cells.
- Chromosomes are evident as thick rods or threads.
- A continuous process described in four phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
- Typically lasts about 2 hours, but duration varies by cell type.
Cytokinesis
- Separation of one cell into two at the end of the cell cycle. Begins during anaphase and finishes after mitosis.
- Actin and myosin filaments constrict to pinch the cell in two.
- The two new "daughter cells" enter interphase.
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