Cell Biology: Golgi Apparatus and Endoplasmic Reticulum

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of chloroplasts in plant cells?

Synthesize ATP

Produce hydrogen peroxide

Store nutrients

Facilitate photosynthesis (correct)

Which structure provides a larger surface area for ATP synthesis within mitochondria?

Mitochondrial matrix

Cristae (correct)

Thylakoids

Intermembrane space

What type of molecules do peroxisomes primarily target for breakdown?

Lipids (correct)

Carbohydrates

Proteins

Nucleic acids

Which component of chloroplasts is responsible for capturing light energy?

Thylakoids Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of the mitochondrial matrix?

Catalyzes metabolic steps of cellular respiration Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of the Smooth ER?

Lipid synthesis Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is primarily responsible for modifying products of the Rough ER?

Golgi Apparatus Signup and view all the answers

What process allows a cell to engulf another cell and form a food vacuole?

Phagocytosis Signup and view all the answers

How do lysosomes help maintain cellular health?

By recycling organelles and macromolecules Signup and view all the answers

What type of vacuole is found in many freshwater protists and serves to pump water out of the cell?

Contractile vacuole Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of vacuoles in eukaryotic cells?

Protein synthesis Signup and view all the answers

What components do lysosomes use to perform their digestive functions?

Enzymes Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the Golgi Apparatus is involved in sorting and packaging materials into vesicles?

Cisternae Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of storage roots?

Storage of starch and water Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes corms from bulbs?

Corms are solid and thickened, while bulbs have a short stem and nutrient-rich leaves. Signup and view all the answers

Which modified stem is primarily adapted for photosynthesis?

Cladodes Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of ground tissues in plants?

Photosynthesis and food storage Signup and view all the answers

How do stolons contribute to plant reproduction?

They spread horizontally and produce new plants at nodes. Signup and view all the answers

What defines an axillary bud?

It has the potential to form a lateral shoot or branch. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of sclerenchyma is characterized by long, slender cells?

Fibers Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the dermal tissue system in plants?

Protection and prevention of water loss Signup and view all the answers

What function do thorns serve for a plant?

To protect the plant from herbivores. Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of tubers?

They store starch and have nodes for new shoots. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following tissues is NOT a part of the dermal tissue system?

Parenchyma Signup and view all the answers

What are the waxy cuticles secreted by epidermal cells responsible for?

Water retention Signup and view all the answers

What do the internodes of a stem represent?

The segments of the stem between nodes. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of sclerenchyma cell is short, irregularly shaped, and has a thick secondary wall?

Sclereid Signup and view all the answers

What type of dermal tissue is found in older stems and roots?

Periderm Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of collenchyma tissue?

Thickened corners of the cell walls Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes dense fibrous connective tissue from loose fibrous connective tissue?

It contains densely packed collagen fibers. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of connective tissue is primarily found in tendons and ligaments?

Dense fibrous connective tissue Signup and view all the answers

What role does fibroblasts play in fibrous connective tissue?

They produce collagen fibers. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common function of loose fibrous connective tissue?

It packages and supports organs. Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is NOT true about cartilage?

It is a solid extracellular matrix. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary component of the extracellular matrix in bone tissue?

Mineralized structures Signup and view all the answers

What type of connective tissue contains adipose cells that store fat?

Loose fibrous connective tissue Signup and view all the answers

What are the small chambers where cartilage cells reside called?

Lacunae Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Golgi Apparatus and Endoplasmic Reticulum

Smooth ER lacks ribosomes, serving primarily for lipid synthesis.
Rough ER is studded with ribosomes and modifies products from the smooth ER.
Golgi apparatus sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles and manufactures specific macromolecules like polysaccharides and nucleic acids.

Lysosomes and Vacuoles

Lysosomes fuse with food vacuoles to digest molecules, and recycle organelles through autophagy.
Eukaryotic cells may contain multiple vacuoles, including:
- Food vacuoles formed by phagocytosis.
- Contractile vacuoles in freshwater protists to expel excess water.
- Central vacuoles in mature plant cells store organic compounds and water.

Mitochondria and Chloroplasts

Mitochondria possess an inner membrane creating intermembrane spaces and a matrix where some metabolic cellular respiration processes occur.
Cristae increase the surface area for ATP synthesis.
Chloroplasts, found in plants and algae, are the sites of photosynthesis and contain chlorophyll.
Chloroplast structure includes thylakoids (stacked to form granum) and stroma (internal fluid).

Peroxisomes

Specialized compartments surrounded by a single membrane, producing and breaking down hydrogen peroxide.
They utilize oxygen to degrade various molecules.

Plant Stem Types

Stems consist of nodes and internodes.
Axillary buds may form lateral shoots, while apical buds are terminal buds at the tip.
Modified stems include:
- Corms: Short, thickened, nutrient-storing underground stems.
- Bulbs: Nutrient-rich, short-stemmed underground storage organs.
- Tubers: Fleshy underground stems for starch storage.
- Stolons: Horizontal stems that produce new plants at nodes.
- Cladodes: Flattened, leaf-like stems that photosynthesize.
- Thorns: Pointed modified stems for plant protection.

Sclerenchyma and Dermal Tissues

Sclerenchyma includes fibers (long, slender cells) and sclereids (short, irregular cells).
Dermal tissues cover the plant's external parts, composed of epidermal cells that secrete a protective waxy cuticle.

Ground and Vascular Tissues

Ground tissues engage in photosynthesis, food storage, and support, including parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma cells.
Vascular tissues consist of xylem, responsible for water and nutrient transport.

Connective Tissues

Fibrous connective tissue is primarily made of collagen fibers and fibroblasts, existing as loose and dense forms.
Loose fibrous connective tissue supports organs and includes adipose tissue for fat storage.
Dense fibrous connective tissue is robust, supporting ligaments and tendons.

Supportive Connective Tissues

Cartilage is a flexible tissue that protects joints and supports structure, with cells housed in lacunae.
Bone provides structure, strength, and protection for soft tissues, characterized by a solid extracellular matrix.

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Description

Explore the structure and function of the Golgi apparatus and the endoplasmic reticulum in this quiz. Understand the differences between smooth and rough ER, their roles in lipid synthesis, and the modification of cellular products.