Cell Biology Fundamentals
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes how cells utilize the information encoded in their genes?

  • Genes are directly converted into energy for cellular activities.
  • Genes provide the instructions for cellular reproduction, activity, and structure. (correct)
  • Genes primarily function in responding to external stimuli.
  • Genes are only involved in the mechanical activities of the cell.

A scientist is studying a cell that can convert glucose into ATP. Which property of cells is the scientist most likely investigating?

  • The ability to evolve over time.
  • The capacity to acquire and utilize energy. (correct)
  • The capacity to self-regulate.
  • The mechanism for cellular reproduction.

How do eukaryotic cells differ from prokaryotic cells in terms of genetic material?

  • Eukaryotes have less genetic material than prokaryotes.
  • Eukaryotes and prokaryotes have the same amount of genetic material, but it is organized differently.
  • Eukaryotes have more genetic material organized within a membrane-bound nucleus. (correct)
  • Eukaryotes have a nucleoid region; prokaryotes have membrane-bound nucleus.

Which characteristic is exclusive to eukaryotic cells, playing a key role in intracellular transport and maintaining cell shape?

<p>Membrane-bound organelles and a complex cytoskeleton. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a cell is observed dividing through simple fission, what can be concluded about its classification?

<p>It must be a prokaryotic cell. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A researcher discovers a new type of cell with ribosomes. What can they infer from this discovery?

<p>The cell could be either prokaryotic or eukaryotic because both cell types have ribosomes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the most accurate comparison of locomotion mechanisms between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

<p>Eukaryotes use cytoplasmic movement and cilia/flagella, while prokaryotes use flagella differing in form and mechanism. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the fundamental role of photosynthesis in sustaining life, as described in the content?

<p>Photosynthesis provides fuel for nearly all living organisms. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately reflects the contribution of Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow to the cell theory?

<p>They articulated the core tenets of the cell theory, including that all organisms are composed of cells and cells come from pre-existing cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The continuous use of HeLa cells in biological research highlights which critical characteristic inherent to cells?

<p>Cells possess the capability for sustained growth and reproduction under specific conditions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the underlying premise of cell biology as a reductionist approach to understanding life?

<p>The properties of a whole organism can be fully explained by studying its individual cellular components. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the conservation of cellular structures and metabolic features across different species support the theory of evolution?

<p>It implies a common ancestry and descent with modification, where fundamental cellular mechanisms are preserved through evolutionary time. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a basic property of cells?

<p>Cells are able to spontaneously generate from non-living matter. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Imagine a newly discovered organism displays cellular structures remarkably similar to those found in eukaryotic cells, yet its method of reproduction involves direct division without meiosis. Which of the following conclusions is most justified?

<p>The organism possesses a unique variation within the existing eukaryotic domain, demonstrating the diversity of reproductive strategies. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Suppose a researcher discovers a new cell line that exhibits uncontrolled growth and division, similar to HeLa cells. Further analysis reveals several genetic mutations affecting cell cycle regulation. Which of the following would be the MOST promising avenue for developing a targeted therapy against these cells?

<p>Creating a compound that specifically targets and corrects the identified genetic mutations in cell cycle regulation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If two different species of bacteria share similar metabolic pathways, what evolutionary relationship can be inferred?

<p>They likely share a common ancestor from which these pathways were inherited. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary basis for identifying and classifying prokaryotes?

<p>Specific DNA sequences unique to each species. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The presence of concentric membranes in certain prokaryotes is most indicative of what evolutionary relationship?

<p>A symbiotic origin of chloroplasts. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the contractile ribbon in the stalk of Vorticella?

<p>To enable rapid retraction of the cell body. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A scientist discovers a new species of unicellular eukaryote with an unusually large macronucleus. What is the most likely explanation for this?

<p>The organism requires a large amount of genetic material for its complex functions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During embryonic development, cells undergo differentiation to perform specialized functions. Which of the following is a direct consequence of this differentiation process?

<p>Variations in the number and arrangement of organelles within different cell types. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a multicellular organism experiences a disruption in cell differentiation during embryonic development, what is the most likely outcome?

<p>The organism will develop various abnormalities due to improper tissue formation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Polar bears sometimes exhibit a greenish color due to cyanobacteria living in their fur. What type of relationship does this represent at the cellular level?

<p>Commensalism, where the cyanobacteria benefit without affecting the polar bear. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Consider a hypothetical scenario where a new drug inhibits the function of the contractile ribbon in Vorticella. What would be the most likely direct consequence of this drug?

<p>Impaired ability to retract the cell body. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A virus is able to infect a host cell due to:

<p>Surface proteins on the virus that specifically bind to receptors on the host cell. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do viroids cause disease in host cells?

<p>By interfering with gene expression in the host cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of viral infections, what distinguishes a lytic infection from integration?

<p>Lytic infection involves immediate host cell lysis, whereas integration involves the viral DNA becoming part of the host's genome. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a provirus and how does it relate to the host cell?

<p>A provirus is a viral DNA that has integrated into the host cell's chromosome. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which finding provides the strongest support for the endosymbiont theory?

<p>The structural similarities between the membranes of prokaryotic cells and the inner membranes of mitochondria and chloroplasts, and the presence of their own DNA. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor most significantly limits the maximum size a cell can attain?

<p>The capacity of the nucleus to support cytoplasmic functions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary goal of synthetic biology?

<p>Constructing functional living cells from basic components. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hematopoietic stem cells are particularly valuable in treating which type of condition?

<p>Blood disorders and immune system deficiencies. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key ethical concern surrounding the use of embryonic stem (ES) cells in cell replacement therapy?

<p>The destruction of embryos to harvest the stem cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are created by which process?

<p>Reprogramming differentiated cells to regain pluripotency. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a distinguishing characteristic of a virus?

<p>Viruses require a host cell to replicate. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which unit of measurement is most appropriate for expressing the size of a typical cell?

<p>Micrometers (μm) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Consider a scientist using iPS cells to model a disease in vitro. Which aspect of iPS cell technology is most crucial for the success of this model?

<p>iPS cells' ability to differentiate into various cell types. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following characteristics is exclusive to eukaryotic cells and not found in prokaryotic cells?

<p>Multiple chromosomes composed of DNA and proteins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The cytoskeleton plays a crucial role in eukaryotic cells. Which function is directly supported by the cytoskeleton?

<p>Providing structural support and facilitating intracellular transport. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a key difference in flagella between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

<p>Prokaryotic flagella are structurally simpler and move by rotation, while eukaryotic flagella are complex and move in a wave-like motion. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An organism is discovered that thrives in extremely salty environments. Based on the provided information, to which domain would this organism most likely belong?

<p>Archaea, specifically halophiles. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cyanobacteria played a significant role in Earth's history. What critical impact did cyanobacteria have on the planet's atmosphere and the evolution of other life forms?

<p>They produced oxygen through photosynthesis, leading to an oxygen-rich atmosphere. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During bacterial conjugation, what is being directly transferred between two bacterial cells?

<p>DNA through the F pilus. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A scientist is studying a cell and observes a complex network of protein fibers throughout the cytoplasm. Which cellular structure is the scientist most likely observing?

<p>The cytoskeleton, responsible for cell shape and intracellular transport. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mycoplasmas are described as the smallest known cells. Which of the following is a direct consequence of their small size?

<p>They have a higher metabolic rate due to increased surface area to volume ratio. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cell Theory

The theory stating all organisms are made of cells and cells arise from pre-existing cells.

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells

Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus; eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and organelles.

HeLa Cells

Immortal human cell line derived from Henrietta Lacks used in biomedical research.

Cell Specialization

The process where cells develop specific functions in multicellular organisms.

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Microscope

An instrument that magnifies small objects, leading to the discovery of cells.

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Viral Infections

The mechanisms by which viruses enter and affect host cells.

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Viroids

Small infectious agents that differ from viruses by lacking a protein coat.

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Cell Complexity

Cells exhibit highly complex and organized structures and processes.

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Genetic Program

Cells possess a genetic program to build themselves and organisms.

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Cell Reproduction

Cells reproduce, giving each daughter cell a complete set of genetic instructions.

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Energy Acquisition

Cells acquire energy from photosynthesis and convert glucose into ATP.

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Chemical Reactions

Cells carry out various chemical reactions necessary for life.

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Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic

Prokaryotes are simpler; eukaryotes are more complex and have organelles.

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Cellular Division

Eukaryotes divide by mitosis; prokaryotes divide by fission.

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Genetic Material Packaging

Prokaryotes have a nucleoid; eukaryotes have a membrane-bound nucleus.

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Locomotion Differences

Eukaryotes move with cilia and flagella; prokaryotes have simpler flagella.

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Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)

A plant virus with RNA genetic material and a protein capsid.

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Lytic Infection

A viral infection process that leads to the destruction of the host cell and release of new viruses.

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Provirus

Viral DNA integrated into a host cell's chromosomes that can remain dormant.

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Endosymbiont Theory

The theory that eukaryotic organelles evolved from prokaryotic cells through symbiosis.

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Viroid Function

Viroids disrupt host gene expression, causing disease despite lacking a protein coat.

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Thylakoid Membranes

Membranes in chloroplasts similar to concentric membranes mentioned, involved in photosynthesis.

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Cyanobacteria

Photosynthetic bacteria that evolved into chloroplasts and sometimes color polar bear fur green.

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Prokaryotic Diversity

Variation and classification of prokaryotes based on specific DNA sequences, indicating a rich biodiversity.

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Unicellular Eukaryotes

Complex single-celled organisms, like Vorticella, featuring specialized structures for survival.

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Contractile Ribbon

A structure in Vorticella used for movement, allowing the organism to contract and extend.

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Macronucleus

A large nucleus in some unicellular organisms that contains multiple gene copies, aiding in functions.

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Multicellular Eukaryotes

Organisms with specialized cell types for different functions, which develop through differentiation.

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Cell Differentiation

Process during embryonic development where cells become specialized for different functions.

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Cell Size Limits

Cell size is restricted by cytoplasm volume and nutrient exchange.

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Micrometer and Nanometer

Cells are measured in micrometers (μm) and nanometers (nm).

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Synthetic Biology

Creating living cells or novel life forms in the lab.

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Stem Cells

Undifferentiated cells capable of self-renewal and differentiating into other cell types.

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Adult Stem Cells

Stem cells used for replacing damaged or diseased tissues in adults.

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Embryonic Stem Cells

Pluripotent stem cells with greater differentiation potential than adult stem cells.

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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPS)

Reprogrammed differentiated cells that act like pluripotent stem cells.

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Viruses

Intracellular obligate parasites that require a host cell to replicate.

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Eukaryotes vs Prokaryotes

Eukaryotes have many chromosomes; prokaryotes have a single circular DNA.

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Prokaryotic Cells

Prokaryotic cells include all bacteria, which arose ~3.7 billion years ago.

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Eukaryotic Cells

Eukaryotic cells include protists, animals, plants, and fungi.

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Cytoskeleton

The cytoskeleton provides shape, structure, and aids in transport and cell division.

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Cell Division

Eukaryotic cell division involves microtubules and DNA replication.

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Bacterial Conjugation

Bacterial conjugation is the sharing of DNA through an F pilus.

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Domain Archaea

Archaea includes methanogens, halophiles, acidophiles, and thermophiles.

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Study Notes

Chapter 1: Introduction to Cell Biology

  • Cell biology is the study of cells; it's a reductionist field where studying parts explains the whole
  • Cells are intensely studied, requiring creative instruments and techniques
  • Cells have basic properties including the ability to grow and reproduce, and respond to stimuli

Early History of Cell Biology

  • Cell biology's development stemmed from the invention of the microscope by Robert Hooke and its refinement by Anton Leeuwenhoek
  • Cell theory, articulated in the mid-1800s by Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow, states: all organisms are made up of one or more cells, cells are the fundamental units of life and cells arise from pre-existing cells by division

Basic Properties of Cells

  • Life is the most fundamental property of cells
  • Cells can grow and reproduce in culture for extended periods, like HeLa cells (first cultured human cells from a cancer patient, Henrietta Lacks)
  • Cultured cells are essential tools for biologists

HeLa Cells

  • HeLa cells are immortal cells used extensively in scientific research
  • They were derived from cervical cancer cells of Henrietta Lacks (1951) and are the oldest and most widely used human cell line
  • HeLa cells have advanced biomedical research for decades

Cells Are Highly Complex and Organized

  • Cellular processes are highly regulated
  • Cells from different species share similar structures, compositions, and metabolic features, reflecting evolutionary conservation

Cells Possess a Genetic Program

  • Genes encode information for building an organism's cells, governing their reproduction, activity, and structure

Cells Are Capable of Producing More of Themselves

  • Cells reproduce, giving each daughter cell a complete set of genetic instructions

Cells Acquire and Utilize Energy

  • Photosynthesis provides fuel for living organisms.
  • Animal cells primarily acquire energy from glucose, produced by photosynthesis.
  • Cells convert glucose into ATP, a readily available energy source

Cells Carry Out a Variety of Chemical Reactions and Engage in Mechanical Activities

  • Cells catalyse various chemical reactions
  • Cells exhibit mechanical activities

Cells Respond to Stimuli

  • Cells respond to external stimuli

Cells Are Capable of Self-Regulation

  • Cells can self-regulate

Cells Evolve

  • Cells evolve

Two Fundamentally Different Classes of Cells

  • Prokaryotes and eukaryotes differ in size and organelles
  • Prokaryotes are all bacteria that arose approximately 3.7 billion years ago
  • Eukaryotes include protists, animals, plants, and fungi

Comparison: Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Cells

  • Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells share features such as plasma membranes, genetic information in DNA, and similar metabolic pathways
  • Eukaryotes exhibit characteristics not seen in prokaryotes such as; division into nucleus and cytoplasm, complex chromosomes, complex organelles, complex cytoskeletal systems and sexual reproduction.

Basic Properties of Cells: Model Organisms

  • Various prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms are studied in cell biology, serve as models for their respective kingdoms.

The Sizes of Cells and Their Components

  • Cells and their components vary in size, measured in micrometers (10⁻⁶ meters) and nanometers (10⁻⁹ meters)

Synthetic Biology

  • A field devoted to creating living cells in the lab.
  • Alternative goals are evolving new life forms, modifying existing organisms for medical or environmental applications
  • Potential applications include genetic engineering or alterations of organisms for medicine, or industrial and/or environmental purposes.

The Human Perspective: Cell Replacement Therapy

  • Stem cells are undifferentiated cells capable of self-renewal and differentiation.
  • Adult stem cells have potential use in replacing damaged or diseased tissues
  • Hematopoietic stem cells are integral to blood cell production
  • Neural stem cells show potential in treating neurodegenerative disorders
  • Embryonic stem cells hold a larger potential for differentiation relative to adult stem cells.
  • Embryonic stem cells can be used to generate various cell types, such as muscle cells, nerve cells and liver cells
  • The use of embryonic stem cells in research and treatment is ethically controversial

Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells

  • iPS cells have high potential for applications in medicine and research via the reprogramming of differentiated cells into pluripotent stem cells
  • iPS cells have exhibited success in correcting certain diseases and could have wide-reaching medical applications.

Viruses

  • Viruses are pathogens, intracellular parasites.
  • A virion is a virus particle outside a host cell
  • Viral structure- containing genetic material (DNA or RNA) and a protein capsid, often surrounded by a lipid envelope.
  • Viroids are single-stranded RNA pathogens that interfere with gene expression in host cells
  • Host infection diversity- Viruses bind to host cell surfaces; specificity depends on surface proteins
  • Viral infection types: Lytic infection—the virus replicates, the host cell bursts and releases particles; Integration—virus DNA integrates into host's DNA. The infected cell may remain normal until stimulated, undergoing lysis or budding of progeny occurs. Host may become malignant

Experimental Pathways: The Origin of Eukaryotic Cells

  • Prokaryotic cells predate eukaryotic cells
  • The endosymbiotic theory posits that organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts emerged from smaller prokaryotic cells living in symbiosis within a larger cell.
  • Evidence supporting this theory includes the similar genetic material and reproduction of organelles, many known symbiotic relations between organisms and that the cell organelles have their independent DNA.

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Explore cell structure, function, and processes like cell division and energy conversion. Understand differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Learn about key contributors to the cell theory.

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