Cell Biology: Chromatin Types

The movement of molecules between the nucleus and cytoplasm.

DNA and proteins.

Supporting the nuclear envelope, providing structural integrity.

Highly condensed and gene-poor.

They are lipid-free and integral to the nuclear envelope.

The nuclear envelope is continuous with the RER, sharing a common membrane.

Separating the two concentric membranes of the nuclear envelope.

The economy of the cell dictates this association, reducing energy expenditure.

To complete DNA replication, check and repair any errors, and prepare for cell division.

The number of chromosomes produced in the daughter cells.

To regulate checkpoint proteins which ensure the accuracy of the cell cycle.

The process of programmed cell death or self-destruction.

To ensure the accuracy of DNA replication, preventing errors and mutations.

To divide and differentiate into various types of specialized cells.

To prepare for cell division by growing and synthesizing essential proteins.

They remain in a dormant state, pausing their activity until needed.

Extrinsic apoptosis is triggered by external stimuli, whereas intrinsic apoptosis is triggered by internal signals.

It activates caspases, initiating a cascade of events leading to apoptosis.

Apoptosis is a programmed cell death, whereas necrosis is a random cell death.

It forms apoptotic bodies that are removed by macrophages to prevent inflammation.

Mitosis results in genetically identical daughter cells, whereas meiosis results in genetically unique daughter cells.

It becomes fragmented and is distributed into the blebs, which are eventually engulfed by macrophages.

They are functional and contain a variety of cell components which can be recycled by macrophages.

They execute the apoptotic program by cleaving specific target proteins, leading to cell disassembly.

To provide structural support and to hold DNA in a condensed state.

Coiling helically around H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 histones, helping to compact the DNA.

It can be either condensed or decondensed, depending on the activity of the genes it contains.

It is the site where rRNA is synthesized, processed, and complexed into ribosomal subunits.

To transcribe, process, and complex rRNA into ribosomal subunits, essential for protein synthesis.

Gene-rich regions, meaning they contain active genes that are frequently transcribed.

They are exported back into the cytoplasm to carry out protein synthesis.

They contain 4 pairs of histones that are wrapped around by the DNA to form a compact structure.

To reduce the number of chromosomes per cell in half, creating gametes for sexual reproduction.

Centromeres divide, and homologous chromosomes are separated, resulting in two distinct sets of chromosomes.

A Haploid cell has one set of chromosomes, while a Diploid cell has two sets.

To condense chromosomes, making them visible under a microscope, and break down the nuclear envelope.

DNA replication takes place, and homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange genetic material (crossing over).

To decondense chromosomes, allowing them to relax and become less visible, and to reassemble the nuclear envelope.

To attach to centromeres and separate sister chromatids, ensuring that each daughter cell receives a full set of chromosomes.

Two haploid cells each having 23 chromosomes, one from each pair.