Cell Biology Chapter Overview
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Questions and Answers

Which organelle is responsible for producing proteins?

  • Vacuole
  • Lysosome
  • Nucleus
  • Ribosomes (correct)

All cells come from pre-existing cells is a main idea of the cell theory.

True (A)

What process does an amoeba use to ingest large food particles?

endocytosis

In a __________ environment, the concentration of dissolved substances is greater outside the cell than inside the cell.

<p>hypertonic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is uniquely found in the rough endoplasmic reticulum but absent in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

<p>Ribosomes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of microscope provides a two-dimensional image of the interior of a specimen?

<p>transmission electron microscope</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the organelles/functions with their correct descriptions:

<p>Lysosomes = Intracellular digestion Golgi apparatus = Processing and packaging Ribosomes = Protein synthesis Smooth endoplasmic reticulum = Lipid synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are the tails of a phospholipid molecule located?

<p>In the interior of the membrane (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of transpiration in plants?

<p>To create tension that draws water up vessel elements (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Root hairs are responsible for carbon dioxide uptake.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process can move molecules against a concentration gradient?

<p>active transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gas exchange occurs at _______.

<p>lenticels</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following biomes with their characteristics:

<p>Tundra = Cold temperatures with minimal vegetation Taiga = Coniferous trees and hibernating animals Grassland = Dominated by grasses with few trees Temperate Deciduous Forest = Trees that lose their leaves in winter</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is correct regarding gravitropism?

<p>Only stems show positive gravitropism. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Photosynthesis is the process that adds carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of trees are found in the taiga biome?

<p>Coniferous trees</p> Signup and view all the answers

The liquid in the phloem primarily contains _______.

<p>sucrose</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common effect of deforestation?

<p>Decreased biodiversity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The climate zone found in Canada includes tropical regions.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do spongy tissue cells in leaves primarily allow for?

<p>Gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere is called _______.

<p>photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the scientists with their contributions to cell theory:

<p>Theodor Schwann = All living things are made of cells Rudolf Virchow = Cells arise from pre-existing cells Anton van Leeuwenhoek = Improved microscopy and observed microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of guard cells in a leaf?

<p>Regulate the opening and closing of stomata (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Photosynthesis occurs in the mitochondria of plant cells.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process allows the movement of water across a cell membrane?

<p>Osmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a __________ solution, the concentration of solutes is lower inside the cell than outside, causing the cell to shrink.

<p>hypertonic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following plant tissues with their functions:

<p>Palisade tissue = Main area of photosynthesis Spongy tissue = Water and gas exchange Epidermal tissue = Protective outer layer Vascular tissue = Transport of nutrients and water</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of exocytosis in a cell?

<p>To release particles outside the cell (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Diffusion is faster over short distances than long distances.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does xylem play in plants?

<p>Transports water and minerals from the roots to the leaves</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the movement of water in an isotonic solution?

<p>Water moves in and out of the cell equally. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cohesion refers to the attraction of water molecules to other substances.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are root hairs primarily responsible for?

<p>Increasing surface area for gas exchange and absorbing water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

During transpiration, water is lost by __________ to help maintain turgor pressure.

<p>evaporation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

<p>Stomata = Small openings for gas exchange in leaves Turgor pressure = Pressure exerted by water inside the cell Phloem = Transport system for sugars and nutrients Xylem = Transport system for water and minerals</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process allows sugars to move downwards through the plant?

<p>Phloem transport (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Stomata close to conserve water when guard cells lose turgor pressure.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is root pressure?

<p>The pressure built up from water moving into root cells by osmosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the diaphragm in a microscope?

<p>Controls the light reaching the object (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All organisms are made up of a single cell according to cell theory.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who first observed single-celled organisms and named them animalcules?

<p>Leeuwenhoek</p> Signup and view all the answers

The __________ adjustment moves the stage up or down to focus on the object under low power.

<p>coarse</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scientist's experiment involved two jars of meat to disprove abiogenesis?

<p>Redi (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following scientists with their contributions to cell theory:

<p>Schleiden = Studied plant cells Schwann = Studied animal cells Virchow = Cells arise from pre-existing cells Hooke = Named cells after tiny rooms</p> Signup and view all the answers

Biogenesis is the idea that life can emerge from non-living matter.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are three key points of cell theory?

<ol> <li>Cells are the smallest functional unit of life. 2. All organisms are composed of one or more cells. 3. All cells are produced from other cells.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of lysosomes within a cell?

<p>Destroy dead or unhealthy parts of the cell (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The cell membrane is made up of a phospholipid monolayer.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do mitochondria play in the cell?

<p>They produce energy through cellular respiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Animal cells typically have many small ________ while plant cells have one large ________.

<p>vacuoles; vacuole</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following organelle with its primary function:

<p>Nucleus = Controls all cellular activities Golgi apparatus = Packages and sorts proteins Chloroplast = Produces energy through photosynthesis Rough ER = Produces proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about prokaryotic cells?

<p>They lack organelles. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Channel proteins are responsible for transporting large molecules across the cell membrane.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of the cell membrane?

<p>To act as a protective barrier and control transport of materials in and out of the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What organelle produces proteins?

Ribosomes are the cellular organelles responsible for protein synthesis.

What kind of environment occurs when the concentration of dissolved substances is greater outside the cell than inside the cell?

A hypertonic environment occurs when the concentration of dissolved substances outside the cell is higher than inside the cell.

An amoeba ingests large food particles by ...

Endocytosis is the process by which cells engulf large particles or substances from their environment.

What is a main idea of the cell theory?

A main idea of the cell theory is that all cells come from pre-existing cells.

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A two-dimensional image of the interior of a specimen can be viewed with a ...

A transmission electron microscope (TEM) produces a two-dimensional image of the interior of a specimen.

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Which structure is found in rough endoplasmic reticulum but not in smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

Ribosomes are found attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum, but not the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

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The small size of cells is best correlated with ...

The small size of cells ensures an adequate surface area for the exchange of materials.

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Vesicles from the smooth endoplasmic reticulum are most likely on their way to the ...

Vesicles from the smooth endoplasmic reticulum are commonly transported to the Golgi apparatus.

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Transpiration

The process by which plants lose water vapor through tiny pores called stomata on their leaves.

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Transpiration pull

The force that draws a column of water up the vessel elements in plants, caused by the evaporation of water from leaves.

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Root hairs

Tiny hair-like structures on plant roots that increase surface area for absorption of water and minerals.

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Gravitropism

The growth of a plant in response to gravity, with the roots growing downwards and the stem growing upwards.

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Diffusion

The movement of molecules across a membrane from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration, requiring no energy.

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Active transport

The movement of molecules across a membrane against a concentration gradient, requiring energy.

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Gas exchange in plants

The exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the plant and the environment through small openings called lenticels, found on the bark of stems.

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Sucrose

The primary sugar transported in the phloem of plants, providing energy to the plant.

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Turgor pressure

The pressure inside a plant cell, caused by the water content in the vacuole, which helps maintain the plant's rigidity.

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Theodor Schwann's contribution to cell theory

Theodor Schwann discovered that all animals are made up of cells.

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Rudolf Virchow's contribution to cell theory

Rudolf Virchow stated that all living cells arise from pre-existing cells.

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Anton van Leeuwenhoek's contribution to cell theory

Anton van Leeuwenhoek was the first person to observe living cells under a microscope.

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Leaf epidermis

The outer layer of a leaf, which protects the inner tissues and reduces water loss.

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Spongy tissue cells

Loosely packed cells with large air spaces, facilitating gas exchange and photosynthesis.

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Taiga

A biome characterized by coniferous trees adapted to cold, snowy winters and with animals that hibernate during winter.

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Biogenesis

The idea that life can only arise from pre-existing living matter.

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Revolving nosepiece

A rotating disk on a microscope that holds multiple objective lenses, allowing for quick magnification changes.

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Endocytosis

The process by which the cell engulfs large particles or substances from the environment.

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Electron microscope

A type of microscope that uses a beam of electrons to create a highly magnified image of the specimen.

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Compound Light Microscope (CLM)

A simple, single-lens microscope that uses visible light.

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Abiogenesis

The idea that life could emerge from non-living matter.

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Cell

The smallest functional unit of life; a basic building block of all living things.

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Cell theory

The theory that all living things are made up of cells, cells arise from pre-existing cells, and cells are the basic unit of life.

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What is a cell?

The basic unit of life that can perform essential functions like obtaining energy, reproduction, and eliminating waste.

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What are eukaryotes?

Organisms made up of cells that contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

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What are prokaryotes?

Organisms made up of single cells lacking a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

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What is the nucleus?

The control center of the cell, containing genetic material (DNA).

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What is the cell membrane?

The protective barrier of the cell, regulating the passage of substances in and out.

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What is cellular respiration?

The process by which sugars are broken down to produce energy (ATP) in the mitochondria.

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What is a phospholipid bilayer?

A double layer of phospholipids forming the cell membrane, with hydrophilic heads facing outward and hydrophobic tails facing inward.

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What are integral proteins?

Proteins embedded within the cell membrane that facilitate the transport of substances across it.

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Phagocytosis

A type of endocytosis where a cell takes in large solid particles.

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Pinocytosis

A type of endocytosis where a cell takes in small fluid droplets.

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Tonicity

The ability of a solution to move water in or out of a cell through osmosis, depending on the concentration of solutes.

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Osmosis

The movement of water molecules across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration.

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Hypotonic solution

A solution with a lower solute concentration compared to inside the cell, causing water to move into the cell.

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Hypertonic solution

A solution with a higher solute concentration compared to inside the cell, causing water to move out of the cell.

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Isotonic

Equal solute concentration inside and outside the cell, resulting in equal water movement.

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Tonicity Relationship

The cell's internal environment is opposite to the solution's environment. For example, a hypotonic cell means the solution is hypertonic.

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Adhesion

The attraction between water molecules and other substances, allowing water to cling to surfaces.

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Cohesion

The attraction between water molecules, pulling them together and contributing to surface tension.

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Capillary action

Water's ability to move up narrow tubes due to adhesion and cohesion.

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Xylem sap

Water and dissolved minerals transported upwards in plants.

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Xylem vessels

Dead, hollow cells forming tubes that transport xylem sap.

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Root pressure

Pressure generated in the roots due to osmosis, driving water upwards.

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Study Notes

Organelle Function

  • Ribosomes produce proteins.

Cell Environment

  • A hypertonic environment has a higher concentration of dissolved substances outside the cell than inside.

Amoeba Ingestion

  • Amoebas ingest large food particles through endocytosis.

Cell Theory

  • All cells come from pre-existing cells.

Microscopy

  • A compound light microscope creates a two-dimensional image of a specimen's interior.

Endoplasmic Reticulum

  • Ribosomes are found on rough endoplasmic reticulum, but not smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

Cell Size

  • Cell size is correlated with adequate surface area for material exchange.

Vesicle Destination

  • Vesicles from smooth endoplasmic reticulum move to the Golgi apparatus.

Lysosome Function

  • Lysosomes are involved in intracellular digestion.

Membrane Structure

  • The fluid-mosaic model describes the fluidity of proteins and phospholipids in the membrane.

Phospholipid Structure

  • The tails of a phospholipid molecule are located in the interior of the membrane.

Stomata Opening

  • Stomata usually open during the day, aiding carbon dioxide uptake.

Transpiration and Water Transport

  • Transpiration creates tension that pulls water up vessel elements.

Root Hair Function

  • Root hairs are involved in water and mineral uptake, but not in oxygen or carbon dioxide uptake.

Plant Growth Response

  • Both stems and roots show positive gravitropism (growth towards gravity).

Active Transport

  • Active transport moves molecules against a concentration gradient.

Lenticels

  • Lenticels facilitate gas exchange.

Phloem Liquid

  • The liquid in phloem primarily contains sucrose.

Plant Turgor Pressure

  • Adding water to the soil increases turgor pressure in plants.

Cell Theory Scientists

  • Theodor Schwann: Proposed that all plants are composed of cells.
  • Rudolf Virchow: Proposed that all cells come from pre-existing cells.
  • Anton van Leeuwenhoek: Primarily known for his observations of microorganisms.

Leaf Epidermis

  • The epidermis protects the leaf. Its waxy cuticle prevents water loss.

Spongy Tissue Cells

  • Spongy tissue cells help with gas exchange (CO2 intake and O2 release). Their loose arrangement provides a large surface area.

Canadian Climate Zones

  • Canada has temperate and polar climate zones.

Biome Representation

  • Specific details regarding the climatographs were not included.

Biome Characteristics

  • Taiga: Coniferous trees, animals hibernate.
  • Tropical Rain Forest: High biodiversity.
  • Desert: Low biodiversity.

Adaptations

  • Structural adaptations involve physical features (e.g., large ears for heat dissipation in a desert rat).

Climate Change

  • The enhanced greenhouse effect is not a natural event (it's human caused).

Carbon Cycle

  • Photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

Deforestation Impacts

  • Deforestation causes increased atmospheric CO2, decreased biodiversity, and altered surface albedo.

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Description

Test your knowledge on key concepts of cell biology, including organelle functions, cell theory, and membrane structure. This quiz covers essential topics like ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and Lysosomes, providing an overview of cellular functions and structures.

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