Podcast
Questions and Answers
In the context of R-selection and K-selection, species that produce numerous offspring and have a high population growth rate are typically classified as:
In the context of R-selection and K-selection, species that produce numerous offspring and have a high population growth rate are typically classified as:
Which of the following best describes a commensalistic relationship between species?
Which of the following best describes a commensalistic relationship between species?
In the logistic population growth model, what happens as a population approaches its carrying capacity?
In the logistic population growth model, what happens as a population approaches its carrying capacity?
During primary succession, the initial stage is often characterized by the presence of:
During primary succession, the initial stage is often characterized by the presence of:
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Eutrophication in aquatic systems is primarily caused by an excess of:
Eutrophication in aquatic systems is primarily caused by an excess of:
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During which stage of meiosis does crossing over occur?
During which stage of meiosis does crossing over occur?
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How do cell checkpoints prevent cancer from developing in most cells?
How do cell checkpoints prevent cancer from developing in most cells?
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Which two types of cancer treatments identify cells based on location?
Which two types of cancer treatments identify cells based on location?
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What is the ploidy level of cells at the end of meiosis I?
What is the ploidy level of cells at the end of meiosis I?
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In what way do sexually-reproducing organisms create genetic variation in their offspring?
In what way do sexually-reproducing organisms create genetic variation in their offspring?
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Why might cicadas have evolved periodicity in their life cycle?
Why might cicadas have evolved periodicity in their life cycle?
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Which component of the chromosome is primarily involved in the condensation of DNA?
Which component of the chromosome is primarily involved in the condensation of DNA?
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What role does the G1 checkpoint play in the cell cycle?
What role does the G1 checkpoint play in the cell cycle?
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How do spindle fibers contribute to mitosis?
How do spindle fibers contribute to mitosis?
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What genetic relationship exists between a parent cell and a daughter cell produced by mitosis?
What genetic relationship exists between a parent cell and a daughter cell produced by mitosis?
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What characterizes a sex-linked trait?
What characterizes a sex-linked trait?
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What is the diploid number for humans, and what does it signify?
What is the diploid number for humans, and what does it signify?
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Study Notes
Cell Biology
- Chromosome is a thread-like structure made up of chromatin
- Chromatid is a replicated chromosome that is connected to its sister chromatid at the centromere
- Chromatin is a complex of DNA, histone proteins, and non-histone proteins
- Centromere is the region where the sister chromatids are connected
- Telomere is the region at the end of a chromosome
- Histone is a protein that DNA wraps around to form chromatin
- Homologous chromosomes are pairs of chromosomes that have the same genes and are similar in structure
- Autosome is a non-sex chromosome
- Sex-linked trait is a characteristic that is influenced by genes on the sex chromosomes
Mitosis
- Mitosis is the process of cell division that results in two daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell
- Centriole is a structure that helps to organize the spindle fibers during mitosis
- Parent cell is the original cell that divides into two daughter cells
- Daughter cell is the resulting cell from mitosis
- Somatic cell is a non-reproductive cell that undergoes mitosis
- Cell division checkpoint is a mechanism that ensures the cell is ready to divide
- Spindle fibers are structures that separate the chromosomes during mitosis
- Spindle fibers perform the following tasks: separate chromosomes, align them at the center, and move them to the poles
- Mitosis results in two daughter cells with identical genetic material
- Daughter cells are genetically identical to each other and to the parent cell
Cancer
- Cancer is a disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and division
- Metastasize is when cancer cells spread to other parts of the body
- Tumor is a mass of abnormal cells
- Apoptosis is programmed cell death, which is a normal process that prevents cancer
- Oncogene is a gene that has the potential to cause cancer
- Proto-oncogene is a normal gene that can become an oncogene if mutated
- Cancer cells have characteristics such as uncontrolled growth, immortality, and invasive behavior
- Cell checkpoints can prevent cancer by stopping the cell cycle when DNA is damaged
Genetics and Ecology
Cancer & Genetics
- Cancer is caused by genetic mutations that disrupt normal cell division and growth
- Cancer is related to genetics because genetic mutations can lead to cancer
- Cell checkpoints can prevent cancer by stopping the cell cycle when DNA is damaged
- There are four types of cancer treatments: surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy
- Two types of cancer treatments identify cells based on location: surgery and radiation
Meiosis
- Meiosis is the process of cell division that results in four daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell
- Recombination or crossing over occurs in prophase I of meiosis
- Independent assortment occurs in metaphase I and II of meiosis
- Gamete is a reproductive cell that has undergone meiosis
- Zygote is the cell that results from the fusion of two gametes
- Meiosis creates genetic variation in offspring through crossing over, independent assortment, and random fertilization
- Four daughter cells are created in meiosis, each with unique genetic material
- Daughter cells are genetically unique to each other and to the parent cell
Genetics
- Patterns of inheritance include sex-linked, autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, and sex-influenced
- Pedigrees can be used to identify patterns of inheritance
- Punnett squares can be used to model monohybrid and dihybrid crosses
Ecology
Cicadas
- Periodicity is the long-term cycle of cicada populations
- Cicadas have evolved periodicity to avoid predators and ensure reproduction
- Cicadas spend 13-17 years underground, 4-6 weeks above ground, and 1-2 months as adults
Lesson 2: Community Ecology
- R-selection and K-selection are two strategies for population growth
- Types of interspecies relationships include predator-prey, mutualism, and commensalism
- Population curves can be logistic or exponential
- Carrying capacity is the maximum population size that an environment can support
- Succession is the process of community change over time
- There are three stages of succession: initial, intermediate, and complex community
Lesson 3: Biogeochemical Cycles
- Carbon cycle involves the movement of carbon between the atmosphere, oceans, and land
- Carbon sinks are areas where carbon is stored, such as oceans and forests
- Carbon sources are areas where carbon is released, such as fossil fuels and volcanic eruptions
- Global warming is caused by an increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
- Nitrogen cycle involves the movement of nitrogen between the atmosphere, oceans, and land
- Nitrogen fixation is the process of converting atmospheric nitrogen into a usable form
- Eutrophication is the process of excess nutrients in an ecosystem, leading to algae growth and oxygen depletion
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Description
Test your knowledge of cell biology with this quiz on chromosomes, histones, and more! Learn about the structures and functions of cellular components and their roles in mitosis.
