Podcast Beta
Questions and Answers
In the context of R-selection and K-selection, species that produce numerous offspring and have a high population growth rate are typically classified as:
Which of the following best describes a commensalistic relationship between species?
In the logistic population growth model, what happens as a population approaches its carrying capacity?
During primary succession, the initial stage is often characterized by the presence of:
Signup and view all the answers
Eutrophication in aquatic systems is primarily caused by an excess of:
Signup and view all the answers
During which stage of meiosis does crossing over occur?
Signup and view all the answers
How do cell checkpoints prevent cancer from developing in most cells?
Signup and view all the answers
Which two types of cancer treatments identify cells based on location?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the ploidy level of cells at the end of meiosis I?
Signup and view all the answers
In what way do sexually-reproducing organisms create genetic variation in their offspring?
Signup and view all the answers
Why might cicadas have evolved periodicity in their life cycle?
Signup and view all the answers
Which component of the chromosome is primarily involved in the condensation of DNA?
Signup and view all the answers
What role does the G1 checkpoint play in the cell cycle?
Signup and view all the answers
How do spindle fibers contribute to mitosis?
Signup and view all the answers
What genetic relationship exists between a parent cell and a daughter cell produced by mitosis?
Signup and view all the answers
What characterizes a sex-linked trait?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the diploid number for humans, and what does it signify?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Cell Biology
- Chromosome is a thread-like structure made up of chromatin
- Chromatid is a replicated chromosome that is connected to its sister chromatid at the centromere
- Chromatin is a complex of DNA, histone proteins, and non-histone proteins
- Centromere is the region where the sister chromatids are connected
- Telomere is the region at the end of a chromosome
- Histone is a protein that DNA wraps around to form chromatin
- Homologous chromosomes are pairs of chromosomes that have the same genes and are similar in structure
- Autosome is a non-sex chromosome
- Sex-linked trait is a characteristic that is influenced by genes on the sex chromosomes
Mitosis
- Mitosis is the process of cell division that results in two daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell
- Centriole is a structure that helps to organize the spindle fibers during mitosis
- Parent cell is the original cell that divides into two daughter cells
- Daughter cell is the resulting cell from mitosis
- Somatic cell is a non-reproductive cell that undergoes mitosis
- Cell division checkpoint is a mechanism that ensures the cell is ready to divide
- Spindle fibers are structures that separate the chromosomes during mitosis
- Spindle fibers perform the following tasks: separate chromosomes, align them at the center, and move them to the poles
- Mitosis results in two daughter cells with identical genetic material
- Daughter cells are genetically identical to each other and to the parent cell
Cancer
- Cancer is a disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and division
- Metastasize is when cancer cells spread to other parts of the body
- Tumor is a mass of abnormal cells
- Apoptosis is programmed cell death, which is a normal process that prevents cancer
- Oncogene is a gene that has the potential to cause cancer
- Proto-oncogene is a normal gene that can become an oncogene if mutated
- Cancer cells have characteristics such as uncontrolled growth, immortality, and invasive behavior
- Cell checkpoints can prevent cancer by stopping the cell cycle when DNA is damaged
Genetics and Ecology
Cancer & Genetics
- Cancer is caused by genetic mutations that disrupt normal cell division and growth
- Cancer is related to genetics because genetic mutations can lead to cancer
- Cell checkpoints can prevent cancer by stopping the cell cycle when DNA is damaged
- There are four types of cancer treatments: surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy
- Two types of cancer treatments identify cells based on location: surgery and radiation
Meiosis
- Meiosis is the process of cell division that results in four daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell
- Recombination or crossing over occurs in prophase I of meiosis
- Independent assortment occurs in metaphase I and II of meiosis
- Gamete is a reproductive cell that has undergone meiosis
- Zygote is the cell that results from the fusion of two gametes
- Meiosis creates genetic variation in offspring through crossing over, independent assortment, and random fertilization
- Four daughter cells are created in meiosis, each with unique genetic material
- Daughter cells are genetically unique to each other and to the parent cell
Genetics
- Patterns of inheritance include sex-linked, autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, and sex-influenced
- Pedigrees can be used to identify patterns of inheritance
- Punnett squares can be used to model monohybrid and dihybrid crosses
Ecology
Cicadas
- Periodicity is the long-term cycle of cicada populations
- Cicadas have evolved periodicity to avoid predators and ensure reproduction
- Cicadas spend 13-17 years underground, 4-6 weeks above ground, and 1-2 months as adults
Lesson 2: Community Ecology
- R-selection and K-selection are two strategies for population growth
- Types of interspecies relationships include predator-prey, mutualism, and commensalism
- Population curves can be logistic or exponential
- Carrying capacity is the maximum population size that an environment can support
- Succession is the process of community change over time
- There are three stages of succession: initial, intermediate, and complex community
Lesson 3: Biogeochemical Cycles
- Carbon cycle involves the movement of carbon between the atmosphere, oceans, and land
- Carbon sinks are areas where carbon is stored, such as oceans and forests
- Carbon sources are areas where carbon is released, such as fossil fuels and volcanic eruptions
- Global warming is caused by an increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
- Nitrogen cycle involves the movement of nitrogen between the atmosphere, oceans, and land
- Nitrogen fixation is the process of converting atmospheric nitrogen into a usable form
- Eutrophication is the process of excess nutrients in an ecosystem, leading to algae growth and oxygen depletion
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your knowledge of cell biology with this quiz on chromosomes, histones, and more! Learn about the structures and functions of cellular components and their roles in mitosis.
