Cell Biology Chapter 5 Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of cell division?

  • To eliminate waste products from the cell
  • To produce energy for the cell
  • To regulate temperature within the cell
  • To allow an organism to reproduce and support tissue growth (correct)

Which of the following best defines a chromosome?

  • A type of protein complex in the nucleus
  • A long strand of DNA wrapped around proteins (correct)
  • A single strand of RNA
  • A pair of cells that are identical

How many chromosomes do human somatic cells typically contain?

  • 23
  • 46 (correct)
  • 92
  • 48

During which phase of the cell cycle do chromosomes condense and become visible?

<p>Prophase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during prometaphase of the cell cycle?

<p>The nuclear envelope begins to break down (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are sister chromatids?

<p>Two identical copies of the original chromosome joined together (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure attaches to chromatids during prometaphase?

<p>Kinetochores (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines homologous chromosomes?

<p>Chromosomes that possess genes for the same characters at corresponding loci (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the bleached region of the microtubules when chromosomes are both reeled in and walked in by motor proteins?

<p>It will move to the left. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component primarily supports the contraction of the cleavage furrow during cell division?

<p>Myosin motors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During binary fission in prokaryotes, which event occurs first?

<p>The single chromosome replicates. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major consequence of unregulated cell division?

<p>Development of cancer. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In eukaryotic cells, which processes are involved in cell division?

<p>Mitosis and meiosis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is NOT influenced by genetic factors according to the described organismal traits?

<p>Hair length (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism is involved in regulating cell division?

<p>Series of checkpoints (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the movement of chromosomes during cell division is accurate?

<p>Motor proteins help reel in and walk chromosomes simultaneously. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ploidy level of human gametes?

<p>Haploid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of meiosis is characterized by homologous chromosomes lining up at the metaphase plate?

<p>Metaphase I (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many daughter cells are produced at the end of meiosis II?

<p>Four haploid cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during Anaphase I of meiosis?

<p>Homologous chromosomes move to opposite poles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the total number of chromosomes in a human diploid somatic cell?

<p>46 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these statements is true regarding the ploidy of cells during the alteration of generations life cycle?

<p>The life cycle alternates between diploid and haploid phases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the overall result of mitosis?

<p>Two identical diploid cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which phase of meiosis do the sister chromatids separate?

<p>Anaphase II (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of independent assortment during meiosis?

<p>It creates gametes with maternal and paternal chromosomes in a random mix. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what stage of meiosis does crossing over occur?

<p>Prophase I (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many different combinations of chromosomes can be produced through independent assortment in humans?

<p>More than 8 million (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What could potentially happen if homologous chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis?

<p>One gamete may have an extra chromosome, while another lacks one. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a genetic character from a trait?

<p>A character refers to a heritable feature, while a trait is a variant of that feature. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary outcome of random fertilization?

<p>It increases genetic variation in the zygote. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during anaphase if chromatids fail to separate?

<p>Both daughter cells will receive extra genetic material. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the blending hypothesis?

<p>It posits that offspring traits are a mix of parental traits. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Blending Hypothesis propose about genetic inheritance?

<p>Genetic material tends to blend, producing intermediate traits in offspring. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes the Particulate Hypothesis?

<p>Parents pass on distinct heritable units called genes that remain unchanged. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant benefit of using model organisms in biological research?

<p>They share many genetic similarities with humans and can help derive insights. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What advantage do snow peas offer for genetic experiments?

<p>They have visually discernible traits and can be grown in large numbers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes how Mendel performed controlled matings in snow peas?

<p>He removed stamens from one flower and transferred pollen from another. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Mendel's hybridization method, what are the true-breeding parents referred to as?

<p>P generation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many alleles does an organism inherit for each character, according to Mendel's model?

<p>One allele from each parent, for a total of two. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of alternative versions of genes in Mendel's model?

<p>They account for variations in inherited characters. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario is most likely to yield recombinant phenotypes in offspring?

<p>Genes located far apart on the same chromosome (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the probability of obtaining two independent events, both having a probability of 1/4?

<p>1/16 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which inheritance pattern is best exemplified by a pink flower resulting from a cross between a red flower and a white flower?

<p>Incomplete dominance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which genetic concept is illustrated by the existence of blood types A, B, AB, and O?

<p>Multiple alleles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pleiotropy refers to which of the following?

<p>A gene affecting multiple traits (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a cell's genotype is Cc, what type of inheritance pattern is demonstrated if it leads to a pink phenotype?

<p>Incomplete dominance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of inheritance involves traits that show a continuous variation, such as height or skin color?

<p>Polygenic inheritance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a pedigree, which of the following patterns would suggest an autosomal recessive inheritance?

<p>The trait skips generations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cell Division Purpose

Cell division allows cells to create more of their own, supports organism reproduction, and enables tissue growth.

Genome

All of a cell's genetic information (DNA).

Chromosome

A long strand of DNA wrapped around proteins.

Somatic Cell Chromosome Count

Human somatic cells contain 46 chromosomes (23 homologous pairs).

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Germ Cell Chromosome Count

Human germ cells (gametes) have 23 chromosomes (one from each homologous pair).

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Interphase

The longest phase of the cell cycle, where the cell grows and DNA is duplicated.

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Prophase

Chromosomes condense, becoming visible as sister chromatids.

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Metaphase

Chromosomes align in the middle of the cell.

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Chromosome movement

Chromosomes can be moved by motor proteins 'reeling in' or 'walking'.

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Microtubule photobleaching

A technique where a region of a microtubule is bleached, to observe how chromosome movement affects the microtubule.

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Cleavage furrow

The indentation that forms during cell division to separate the two daughter cells.

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Actin and Myosin

Proteins that form a contractile ring and drive the pinching effect of the cleavage furrow.

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Binary Fission

Type of cell division in prokaryotes, where a single chromosome replicates and the two daughter chromosomes move apart.

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Cell Cycle Regulation

The process of controlling cell division to ensure successful cell duplication.

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Cancer

Uncontrolled cell division causing abnormal growth.

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Genetic vs. Environmental Influences

Organisms inherit genetic blueprints but environmental factors influence characteristics as well.

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Gamete

Reproductive cell (sperm or egg) with half the number of chromosomes of a somatic cell.

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Ploidy

Number of chromosome sets in a cell; n= single set, 2n=double set.

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Diploid cell

Cell containing two sets of chromosomes (2n).

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Haploid cell

Cell containing one set of chromosomes (1n).

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Meiosis I

First stage of meiosis, separating homologous chromosomes.

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Meiosis II

Second stage of meiosis, separating sister chromatids.

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Mitosis

Cell division that produces two identical diploid daughter cells.

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Homologous chromosomes

Chromosome pairs that carry the same genetic information.

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Blending Hypothesis

Genetic material mixes during reproduction, resulting in offspring with intermediate traits.

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Particulate Hypothesis

Inherited traits are passed down as discrete units (genes) that stay separate.

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Model Organism

A non-human species used to study biological processes.

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Snow Pea Benefits

Easy-to-observe traits, large numbers for statistical analysis, and controlled matings.

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Controlled Mating

Process of manipulating flower fertilization to produce specific offspring.

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True-Breeding Plant

Plant consistently produces offspring with the same trait when self-pollinated.

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Mendel's Generations

P generation (parents), F1 generation (hybrid offspring), and F2 generation (offspring of F1).

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Mendel's Alleles

Alternative versions of a gene that cause variations in inherited traits.

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Homologous Chromosome Failure

In meiosis, homologous chromosomes fail to separate properly during anaphase, resulting in one gamete with an extra chromosome and another with a missing one.

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Chromatid Failure

In meiosis, sister chromatids fail to separate correctly during anaphase, leading to one gamete lacking a copy of a chromosome.

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Independent Assortment

The random distribution of homologous chromosomes into gametes during meiosis. Different possible combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes.

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Crossing Over

The exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes during meiosis, producing recombinant chromosomes.

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Random Fertilization

The random fusion of a sperm and an egg, greatly increasing the genetic variation within a population.

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Genetic Character

A heritable feature that varies among individuals, such as flower color or height.

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Genetic Trait

A variant of a particular character, such as purple flowers or tall height.

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Blending Hypothesis vs. Particulate Hypothesis

Blending suggests traits blend, particulate that parents pass on separate traits; Mendel's experiments supported the particulate hypothesis by showing traits were passed on in discrete units.

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Recombinant offspring

Offspring with a combination of traits different from either parent, resulting from genetic recombination during meiosis.

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Dihybrid cross

A genetic cross focusing on two traits simultaneously.

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Incomplete dominance

Heterozygous phenotype is a blend of homozygous phenotypes.

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Codominance

Both homozygous phenotypes are fully expressed in the heterozygote.

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Multiple alleles

More than two possible versions (alleles) of a gene.

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Multiplication Rule

Probability of independent events happening together is the product of their individual probabilities.

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Addition Rule

Probability of mutually exclusive events is the sum of their probabilities.

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Polygenic inheritance

Several genes influence a single trait.

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