Cell Biology Chapter 10

Study Notes

Living things are made up of cells, which are the basic, functional units of life.
All living things exhibit certain characteristics, including:
- Growth, which occurs when cells increase in number and new cells replace old ones.
- Movement, which involves a change in position, shape, or location.
- Response to stimuli, which can be internal or external.
- Reproduction, which involves producing more of the same kind.

The microscope has several parts, including:
- Eyepiece
- Body tube (barrel)
- Coarse adjustment knob
- Fine adjustment knob
- Objective lenses
- Revolving nosepiece
- Stage
- Iris diaphragm
- Light source
- Base
- Arm
Total magnification is calculated by multiplying the power of the objective lens and the power of the eyepiece lens.

Cell membrane: found in both plant and animal cells, surrounds and protects the cell contents, and controls the movement of materials in and out of the cell.
Cytoplasm: found in both plant and animal cells, is a jelly-like fluid that organelles float in, and helps move materials like food to different parts of the cell.
Cell wall: found only in plant cells, is a tough, rigid structure that gives plant cells their box-like shape, and is made mostly of cellulose.
Nucleus: found in both plant and animal cells, is a large, round structure that contains chromosomes, and is the "control centre" of the cell.
Vacuole: found in both plant and animal cells, is a balloon-like space in the cytoplasm that stores materials that can't be used right away, and is larger and fewer in plant cells, and smaller and more numerous in animal cells.
Mitochondrion: found in both plant and animal cells, is an oval, bean-like structure that produces energy by breaking down food particles.
Chloroplast: found only in plant cells, is a green structure that contains chlorophyll, and captures the sun's energy for photosynthesis.

Cell wall: present in plant cells, but not in animal cells.
Vacuole: larger and fewer in plant cells, and smaller and more numerous in animal cells.

Cell division is necessary for growth and reproduction.
Cell division occurs through mitosis, which occurs in body cells (somatic cells) but not in sex cells (egg and sperm cells).
Bacteria cells reproduce through mitosis.

Cells need energy for all life processes.
Energy is stored in food, specifically glucose (a type of sugar).
Cells release energy through cellular respiration, which takes place in the mitochondrion and converts energy into another form.
Oxygen is necessary for cellular respiration, and carbon dioxide and water vapor are waste gases produced.