Cell Biology: Cell Death and Reproduction
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Questions and Answers

What significant event occurs during Metaphase?

  • The nuclear envelope begins to reform.
  • DNA replication takes place.
  • Chromosomes align along the cell's equator. (correct)
  • Centrioles migrate to the center of the cell.

Which of the following describes the role of spindle fibers in cell division?

  • Spindle fibers attach to centromeres of sister chromatids. (correct)
  • Spindle fibers prevent chromosome condensation.
  • Spindle fibers dissolve the nuclear envelope.
  • Spindle fibers synthesize DNA during Prophase.

What is indicated by errors in chromosome alignment during Metaphase?

  • Enhanced cell division efficiency.
  • Successful completion of Anaphase.
  • Improved chromosome condensation.
  • Potential genetic abnormalities. (correct)

What marks the beginning of Prophase in cell division?

<p>Disappearance of nucleoli. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of radiation includes sources such as X-rays and gamma rays?

<p>Ionizing radiation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is sexual reproduction important for a species?

<p>It promotes genetic diversity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of meiosis in sexual reproduction?

<p>It generates haploid gametes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to neurons in terms of the cell cycle?

<p>They can exit the cell cycle and remain in G0 phase. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of spindle fibers during cell division?

<p>They segregate chromosomes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase do sister chromatids separate?

<p>Anaphase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes malignant tumors compared to benign tumors?

<p>Malignant tumors spread to other parts of the body. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs concurrently with telophase?

<p>Cytokinesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do sister chromatids carry?

<p>Identical genetic information (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the centromere in relation to sister chromatids?

<p>It connects identical copies of a chromosome. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can disrupt proper chromosome separation during cell division?

<p>Spindle fiber malfunction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is cytokinesis achieved in plant cells?

<p>Development of a cell plate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is apoptosis primarily associated with?

<p>Programmed cell death (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of mitosis is characterized by the separation of chromatids?

<p>Anaphase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does asexual reproduction differ from sexual reproduction?

<p>Asexual reproduction involves only one parent. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of cell injury?

<p>Necrosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary functions of mitosis in organisms?

<p>Repair and growth of tissues (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which organisms is asexual reproduction most commonly observed?

<p>Bacteria and fungi (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do cohesins play during mitosis?

<p>They bind sister chromatids together. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following types of reproduction increases genetic diversity?

<p>Sexual reproduction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of chemotherapy?

<p>To destroy cancer cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key characteristic of chromatin?

<p>It packages and condenses DNA. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What signifies the end of cytokinesis?

<p>Division of the cytoplasm into two daughter cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

<p>S phase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many chromosomes are typically found in a human cell?

<p>46 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major side effect of chemotherapy?

<p>Fatigue (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes euchromatin from heterochromatin?

<p>Euchromatin is loosely packed and more transcriptionally active. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In plant cells, what structure separates the daughter cells during cytokinesis?

<p>Cell plate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Apoptosis

Programmed cell death, crucial for development and immune system regulation.

Necrosis

Unregulated cell death caused by external factors like toxins or trauma.

Mitosis

Cell division creating two identical daughter cells from one parent cell.

Sexual Reproduction

Reproduction involving two parents and genetic variation.

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Asexual Reproduction

Offspring created from only one parent with identical genes.

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Anaphase (mitosis)

Stage in cell division where chromatids separate to opposite poles.

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Tissue Homeostasis

Maintaining a stable internal environment within tissue.

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Daughter Cells

Cells produced from the division of a parent cell (e.g., in mitosis).

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Chemotherapy

A cancer treatment using drugs to kill rapidly dividing cells, including cancer cells.

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Chromatin

A complex of DNA and proteins within the nucleus that packages and organizes DNA.

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Chromosome

A thread-like structure containing DNA and proteins that carries genetic information in the form of genes.

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Cytokinesis

The final stage of cell division where the cytoplasm divides into two daughter cells.

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Interphase

The phase in the cell cycle where a cell grows and duplicates its DNA.

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What is the role of histones?

Histones are proteins that help organize and stabilize chromatin structure.

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What is the difference between euchromatin and heterochromatin?

Euchromatin is loosely packed chromatin allowing genes to be expressed, while heterochromatin is tightly packed and less active.

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What are the stages of interphase?

Interphase consists of three stages: G1 - growth, S - DNA replication, and G2 - more growth.

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G0 Phase

A resting state where cells, like neurons, exit the cell cycle and stop dividing.

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Metaphase Plate

The imaginary line in the center of the cell where chromosomes line up during Metaphase.

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Sister Chromatids

Two identical copies of a chromosome connected at the centromere.

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Centromere

The region where sister chromatids are attached, serving as the point of attachment for spindle fibers.

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Spindle Fibers

Filaments made of microtubules that attach to chromosomes and pull them apart during cell division.

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Ionizing Radiation

Radiation with enough energy to remove electrons from atoms, potentially causing cellular damage.

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Non-ionizing Radiation

Radiation that lacks enough energy to remove electrons from atoms and is generally considered safe.

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Haploid Gametes

Reproductive cells (sperm or egg) with half the number of chromosomes found in other cells.

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What are the roles of spindle fibers?

Microscopic structures made of microtubules that attach to chromosomes and move them during mitosis and meiosis, ensuring each new cell receives the correct number of chromosomes.

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Telophase

The final stage of mitosis where the chromosomes reach the poles of the cell, nuclear envelopes reform, chromosomes uncoil, and cytokinesis occurs.

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Benign Tumour

An abnormal mass of tissue that grows uncontrollably but does not spread to other parts of the body and has well-defined borders.

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Malignant Tumour

A cancerous mass of tissue that invades nearby tissues and can spread to other parts of the body.

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Metastasis

The spread of cancer cells from a malignant tumor through the bloodstream or lymphatic system to other parts of the body.

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What is the difference between a benign and malignant tumor?

A benign tumor is non-cancerous, does not spread, and has well-defined borders. A malignant tumor is cancerous, invades nearby tissues, and can spread to other parts of the body.

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Study Notes

Cell Death

  • Cell death is a natural physiological process, either through programmed cell death (apoptosis) or cell injury (necrosis).
  • Apoptosis is essential for tissue homeostasis and crucial in development and immune regulation.
  • Cell injury from toxins/trauma results in necrosis, an uncontrolled form of cell death.
  • Removal of dead cells prevents inflammation and tissue damage.

Mitosis

  • Mitosis is cell division creating two genetically identical daughter cells.
  • It occurs in somatic (body) cells.
  • The phases are prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
  • Mitosis enables growth, repair, and asexual reproduction.
  • Abnormalities can lead to cancer.

Types of Reproduction

  • Reproduction is either sexual (genetic variation, two parents) or asexual (identical offspring, one parent).
  • Sexual reproduction involves meiosis and gamete fusion.
  • Asexual reproduction includes methods like binary fission, budding, and fragmentation.
  • Asexual reproduction is more efficient energetically.

Key Terms - Anaphase

  • Anaphase is a stage of cell division where chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.
  • Facilitated by microtubule shortening.
  • Proteins called cohesins hold chromatids together until anaphase.

Asexual Reproduction

  • An organism can reproduce without another organism.
  • Creates genetically identical offspring.
  • Common in bacteria, fungi, and plants.
  • Enables rapid population growth.

Chemotherapy

  • A treatment method using drugs to destroy cancer cells.
  • Can be used alone or with other treatments like surgery or radiation.
  • Administered orally, by injection, or IV infusion.
  • Targets rapidly dividing cells, including cancerous cells.
  • Possible side effects include nausea, hair loss, fatigue, and weakened immune system.

Chromatin

  • Complex of DNA and proteins within the nucleus.
  • Packages and condenses DNA.
  • Crucial for gene expression and regulation.
  • Condenses further into chromosomes during cell division.

Chromosome

  • Thread-like DNA and protein structures in the nucleus.
  • Carry genes, the units of heredity.
  • Humans have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs).
  • Prokaryotes have a circular chromosome.
  • Visible during cell division when condensed.
  • Abnormalities can lead to genetic disorders.

Cytokinesis

  • Final stage of cell division where cytoplasm divides.
  • Occurs after mitosis/meiosis.
  • Ensures equal distribution of organelles/cytoplasm in daughter cells.
  • Different mechanisms in animal vs. plant cells. (animal cell contractile ring, plant cell cell plate).

Interphase

  • Phase of cell cycle where a cell prepares for division by duplicating DNA and growing in size.
  • Consists of G1, S, and G2 phases.
  • Cell growth happens in G1 and G2.
  • DNA replication takes place in the S phase.
  • Most of the cell cycle is spent in interphase.
  • Some cells exit the cycle and enter G0.

Metaphase

  • Chromosomes align along the cell's center (equator).
  • Spindle fibers attach to chromosome centromeres.
  • Ensures proper chromosome division

Prophase

  • The initial phase of mitosis.
  • Chromosomes condense.
  • Spindle fibers form and start to attach to chromosomes.
  • Nucleolus disappears (breakdown of the nucleus).

Radiation

  • Emission of energy in the form of particles or electromagnetic waves.
  • Ionizing radiation has enough energy to remove electrons from atoms.
  • Common sources: X-rays, gamma rays, radioactive materials.
  • Exposure can damage cells/DNA.
  • Non-ionizing radiation is generally considered safe.

Sexual Reproduction

  • Genetic material from two parents combines to create offspring with varied genetic composition.
  • Promotes genetic diversity.
  • Involves meiosis.
  • Sperm and egg unite during fertilization to form a zygote.

Sister Chromatids

  • Identical copies of a single chromosome.
  • Connected at the centromere.
  • Produced during the S phase of the cell cycle.

Spindle Fibers

  • Microscopic structures involved in cell division (mitosis/meiosis).
  • Composed of microtubules.
  • Attach to chromosomes.
  • Help segregate chromosomes to daughter cells.

Telophase

  • Final stage of mitosis
  • Chromosomes decondense
  • Nuclear envelopes re-form.
  • Cytokinesis usually happens at the same time to divide the cytoplasm.

Tumour

  • Abnormal mass of tissue formed by uncontrolled cell growth and division.
  • Can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).
  • Malignant tumors invade nearby tissues and can metastasize.
  • Metastasis is the spread of cancer cells in the body.

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Description

This quiz covers essential concepts in cell biology, focusing on cell death (apoptosis and necrosis), the process of mitosis, and the types of reproduction (sexual and asexual). It highlights how these processes are fundamental for growth, development, and homeostasis in living organisms.

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