Cell Biology Basics

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of mitochondria in a cell?

  • Synthesizing lipids
  • Transporting materials
  • Providing energy through cellular respiration (correct)
  • Storing proteins

The lysosomes are responsible for storing proteins until they are needed by the cell.

False (B)

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus in the cell?

To store and process proteins for secretion or use within the cell.

The __________ is a rigid structure that surrounds and protects the cell membrane in plant cells.

<p>cell wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following organelles with their primary functions:

<p>Ribosomes = Build proteins Chloroplast = Photosynthesis Cytoplasm = Nutrient absorption and reaction area Nucleus = Control center of the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the xylem in plants?

<p>Carries water and minerals from the roots (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Smooth muscle is found in the walls of blood vessels and is under voluntary control.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main types of cells found in blood?

<p>Red blood cells and white blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

The main function of the _____ is to facilitate gas exchange in the lungs.

<p>alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components of the circulatory system with their functions:

<p>Arteries = Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart Veins = Return deoxygenated blood to the heart Capillaries = Facilitate exchange of materials between blood and tissues Heart = Pumps blood throughout the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following tissues are NOT found in the dermis layer of the skin?

<p>Epithelial tissue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The main purpose of the large intestine is digestion of food.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name the two types of muscle that are involuntary.

<p>Smooth muscle and cardiac muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

The four chambers of the heart are the right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left _____ .

<p>ventricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process occurs in the stomach to help break down food?

<p>Digestion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cardiac muscle is responsible for moving voluntarily.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The _____ system is responsible for exchanging gases and includes the nose and lungs.

<p>respiratory</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following parts of the digestive system with their main functions:

<p>Esophagus = Connects mouth to stomach Stomach = Breaks down food with enzymes Small intestine = Most digestion occurs here Large intestine = Absorbs water and egests waste</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of turgor pressure in plant cells?

<p>To keep cells plump and firm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Osmosis is the process of solute molecules moving from an area of low concentration to high concentration.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two major phases of the cell cycle?

<p>Interphase and Mitosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

A __________ membrane allows some substances to pass while blocking others.

<p>semi-permeable</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of transport with its description:

<p>Passive Transport = Movement along a concentration gradient without energy Active Transport = Movement against a concentration gradient requiring energy Facilitated Diffusion = Movement through protein channels Endocytosis = Bulk transport into a cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding endocytosis?

<p>It requires energy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mitosis results in two genetically identical daughter cells.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are stem cells capable of doing when exposed to proper conditions?

<p>Differentiating into specialized cells or remaining unspecialized.</p> Signup and view all the answers

During __________, chromosomes align at the center of the cell.

<p>Metaphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a hypertonic environment?

<p>High solute and low water concentration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Plant cells undergo cytokinesis by forming a cleavage furrow.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the sodium-potassium pump?

<p>To transport sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell against their concentration gradients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

____________ cells are specialized cells in plants responsible for growth at the tips of roots and stems.

<p>Meristematic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of stem cells can give rise to almost any body cell but not the placenta?

<p>Pluripotent stem cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cell Membrane

The outermost layer of a cell, acting like a gatekeeper to control what enters and exits the cell. Made of a double layer of phospholipids and is selectively permeable.

Cell Wall

Provides structural support and protection to the cell. Found in plant cells, but not animal cells. Made up of cellulose.

Mitochondria

The powerhouse of the cell, responsible for providing energy through cellular respiration.

Nucleolus

A small, dense sphere within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Plays a crucial role in protein synthesis by making ribosomes.

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Nucleus

A large, central structure within the cell, controlling all cell activities. Contains DNA and chromosomes, carrying the genetic blueprint of life.

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Passive Transport

The movement of molecules across a semipermeable membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. This movement does not require energy.

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Solvent

The liquid component of a solution that dissolves the solute.

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Solute

The substance that dissolves in a solvent to form a solution.

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Extracellular Fluid (ECF)

A fluid that surrounds all living cells in the body. It's like a bath for cells.

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Osmosis

The process by which water molecules move across a semipermeable membrane from a region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentration.

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Hypertonic Environment

A solution with a higher concentration of solutes than another solution.

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Isotonic Environment

A solution with the same concentration of solutes as another solution.

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Hypotonic Environment

A solution with a lower concentration of solutes than another solution.

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Facilitated Diffusion

The movement of molecules across a cell membrane with the assistance of transport proteins. This process does not require energy.

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Active Transport

The movement of molecules across a semipermeable membrane against a concentration gradient. This process requires energy.

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Endocytosis

The process by which a cell engulfs large molecules or particles by forming a vesicle around them. This process requires energy.

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Cell Division

The process by which the cell divides, resulting in two identical daughter cells. It's essential for growth, repair, and reproduction.

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Interphase

The first stage of the cell cycle, where the cell grows and prepares for division. It consists of three sub-phases: G1, S, and G2.

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Mitosis

The second stage of the cell cycle, where the nucleus divides. It's divided into four phases: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase.

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Cytokinesis

The process by which the cytoplasm of the cell divides after mitosis, resulting in two separate daughter cells.

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Epidermis

The outermost layer of skin, made of epithelial tissue, providing protection from damage and disease.

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Dermis

The inner layer of skin, composed of muscle, nervous, and connective tissues, responsible for functions like insulation and waste release.

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Skeletal Muscle

Muscle that attaches to bones, enabling voluntary movement of body parts.

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Smooth Muscle

Muscle found in the walls of tubes like blood vessels and the digestive system, responsible for involuntary movements.

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Cardiac Muscle

Muscle specific to the heart, responsible for involuntary contractions that pump blood throughout the body.

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Epidermal Tissue

A type of plant tissue responsible for covering and protecting the plant, forming the outer layer and containing specialized guard cells.

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Guard Cells

Specialized cells in epidermal tissue, responsible for controlling the opening and closing of stomata, allowing gas exchange.

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Vascular Tissue

A type of plant tissue responsible for transporting water and nutrients throughout the plant. It consists of two parts: xylem and phloem.

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Xylem

A type of vascular tissue that transports water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the leaves for photosynthesis.

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Phloem

A type of vascular tissue that transports sugars produced during photosynthesis from the leaves to other parts of the plant for energy.

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Ground Tissue

A type of plant tissue that makes up the majority of a plant, responsible for various functions like food storage and photosynthesis in leaves.

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Meristematic Tissue

A type of tissue present in roots and other areas, containing unspecialized cells capable of differentiating into specialized cells for growth and development.

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Respiratory System

The system responsible for gas exchange, taking in oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide.

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Alveoli

Tiny air sacs in the lungs, responsible for gas exchange between the air and blood.

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Esophagus

A muscular tube connecting the mouth to the stomach, responsible for propelling food using peristaltic contractions.

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Stomach

The organ responsible for churning and mixing food with gastric juices, breaking down food into smaller molecules.

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Small Intestine

The main site of nutrient absorption. It contains villi, finger-like projections that increase surface area for efficient absorption.

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Study Notes

Cell Membrane

  • Encloses the cell, acting as a gatekeeper.
  • Double-layered and semi-permeable.
  • Controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell.

Cell Wall

  • Rigid structure surrounding and protecting the cell membrane.
  • Provides support.
  • Composed of cellulose (carbohydrate).
  • Found in plant cells.

Ribosomes

  • Small structures involved in protein synthesis.
  • Crucial for cell growth and reproduction.

Chloroplasts

  • Organelles found in plant cells.
  • Contain chlorophyll.
  • Essential for photosynthesis.
  • Photosynthesis equation:
    • CO2 + H2O → C6H12O6 + O2

DNA

  • Thread-like structures carrying genetic information.
  • Determines hereditary traits.

Cytoplasm

  • The fluid-filled region inside the cell.
  • Site of nutrient absorption, transport, and processing.
  • Contains numerous organelles.
  • Primarily composed of water.
  • Location of many chemical reactions.

Cytoskeleton

  • Network of protein fibers providing structural support.
  • Anchors organelles within the cell.
  • Allows for cell shape changes and movement.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

  • Network of branching canals within the cytoplasm.
  • Transports substances within the cell.
  • Two types:
    • Rough ER: has ribosomes attached, involved in protein synthesis.
    • Smooth ER: lacks ribosomes, involved in lipid synthesis.

Golgi Apparatus

  • Stores proteins until needed within or outside the cell.
  • Processes and packages materials for removal from the cell.
  • Creates mucus (e.g., in the intestines).

Lysosomes

  • Sac-like structures formed by the Golgi apparatus.
  • Contain enzymes to break down large molecules and cell components.
  • Found in animal cells.

Mitochondria

  • Oval-shaped organelles, the "powerhouses" of the cell.
  • Generate cellular energy through cellular respiration.
  • Found in animal cells.

Nucleolus

  • Spherical structure within the nucleus.
  • Involved in ribosome production.

Nucleus

  • Control center of the cell.
  • Directs cell activities.
  • Contains chromosomes and DNA.

Vacuoles

  • Membrane-bound compartments.
  • Stores water, waste products, and other substances.
  • Larger in plant cells.
  • Maintains turgor pressure (cell firmness) in plant cells.

Passive Transport

  • Movement of molecules across a membrane without energy input.
  • Driven by concentration gradients.
    • Osmosis: Movement of water across a semipermeable membrane.
    • Simple Diffusion: Movement of molecules from high to low concentration.
    • Facilitated Diffusion: Movement of molecules across a membrane with the help of proteins.

Active Transport

  • Movement of molecules across a membrane against a concentration gradient.
  • Requires energy input.
  • Endocytosis: Bringing bulk materials into the cell.

Cell Division

  • Process of cell reproduction, growth, and repair.
    • Asexual Reproduction: Creates genetically identical offspring from one parent.
    • Sexual Reproduction: Creates offspring with genetic information from two parents.

Cell Cycle

  • Two major phases: interphase and mitosis.
    • Interphase: Period of growth, DNA replication, and preparation for cell division, comprising 3 stages: G1, S, and G2.
    • Mitosis: Cell division process, resulting in two identical daughter cells, followed by cytokinesis. (PMAT)

Cell Specialization

  • Different cells in an organism have specialized structure and functions due to differentiation of cells.
    • Stem Cells: Unspecialized cells, capable of differentiating into other cell types.
      • Embryonic stem cells: totipotent—can develop into any cell type, including the placenta.
      • Adult stem cells: multipotent—can develop into specific types of cells within a particular tissue.

Tissues and Organs

  • Tissues: Groups of similar cells organized to perform specific functions.
  • Organs: Groups of different tissues working together to perform specific tasks.

Summary of Organelle Function

  • Intake of nutrients
  • Movement of materials
  • Growth
  • Exchange of gases
  • Waste removal
  • Reproduction
  • includes cell division

Solutions

  • Solvent: The substance capable of dissolving another substance. (Water).
  • Solute: The substance that dissolves into the solvent.
  • Solution: The solvent and solute after they combine.
  • ECF: Extracellular fluid surrounding cells.
  • Concentration: Mass of solute dissolved in a solvent.

Diffusion, Osmosis and Solutions

  • Hypertonic: Higher solute concentration, lower water concentration.
  • Isotonic: Equal solute and water concentration.
  • Hypotonic: Lower solute concentration, higher water concentration.
  • Diffusion: Movement of molecules from high to low concentration.
  • Facilitated Diffusion: Passive transport assisted by protein channels and carriers.

Respiratory System

  • Lungs are composed of alveoli, thin air sacs surrounded by capillaries for gas exchange.
  • Inspiration (breathing in) involves diaphragm and intercostal muscle contraction.
  • Expiration (breathing out) involves relaxation of these muscles.

Digestive System

  • Breaks down food for absorption and egestion (waste removal).
  • Organs involved: Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine.

Circulatory System

  • Blood is pumped through a network of arteries, capillaries, and veins.
  • Heart has four chambers (two atria and two ventricles) for efficient blood circulation.

Cell Specialization

  • Different cell types specialized cells performing specific function through differentiation.

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