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Questions and Answers
What is the smallest living unit in all organisms?
Who introduced the concept that all living things are made of cells?
What is a characteristic of prokaryotes?
What is the main difference between plant and animal cells in terms of organelles?
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What is the function of the cytosol?
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What is a characteristic of eukaryotic cells?
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What is the function of the ribosomes?
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Who introduced the concept that all cells come from pre-existing cells?
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Where does the detoxification of alcohol take place?
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What is the site of photosynthesis in a cell?
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What is the function of the Endoplasmic Reticulum?
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What is the fluid mosaic model referring to?
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Where does glycolysis take place?
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What is the function of mitochondria?
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What is the component of the cell membrane that is hydrophilic?
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Where are ribosomes typically found?
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What is the main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
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What is the function of the nuclear envelope?
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What is the term for 'little organs' that perform various jobs inside cells?
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What is the function of ribosomes?
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What is the region in prokaryotic cells where genetic material is found?
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What is the function of plasmodesmata?
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What is the function of peroxisomes?
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What is the component of the nuclear envelope?
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What is the primary function of microvilli?
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What is the main component of microtubules?
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Which type of cells would you expect to find the most lysosomes?
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What is the function of cilia?
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What is the main function of intermediate filaments?
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What is the function of flagella?
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What is the main function of microfilaments?
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What is the function of motor proteins?
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What is the function of the stroma in chloroplasts?
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What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?
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What is the function of lysosomes?
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What is the function of the cell wall?
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What is the role of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments in cells?
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What is autophagy?
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What is phagocytosis?
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What is the characteristic of cellulose?
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Study Notes
Cell Theory
- The cell is the smallest living unit in all organisms.
- All living things are made of cells.
- All cells come from pre-existing cells.
Types of Cells
- Prokaryotes: simple, unicellular, and abundant; examples include bacteria and archaea.
- Eukaryotes: complex, multicellular, and diverse; examples include protists, plants, animals, and fungi.
Plant vs. Animal Cells
- Plant cells: bigger in size, nucleus is centralized, have chloroplasts and mitochondria, and have a cell wall.
- Animal cells: centrosomes, centrioles, and basal bodies are present; have mitochondria but no chloroplasts or cell walls.
Basic Features of All Cells
- Plasma membrane
- Semifluid substance: cytosol
- Ribosomes (protein factory)
- Chromosomes (gene carrier)
Organelles
- Specialized structures that perform various jobs inside cells.
- Examples: nucleus, ribosomes, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, chloroplasts, and peroxisomes.
Nucleus
- Contains most of the cell's genes and is usually the most conspicuous organelle.
- The nuclear envelope encloses the nucleus, separating it from the cytoplasm.
- Nucleolus: where ribosomes are formed and RNA is synthesized.
Mitochondria
- Performs aerobic respiration where energy (ATP) is obtained from food consumed and made available for the use of the cell.
- Kreb's Cycle and Electron Transport Chain occur here.
Cytoplasm
- Semi-fluid liquid that fills the cell and holds the components of a cell.
- Cytosol: the part of the cytoplasm not taken up by organelles.
Cell Membrane
- Has a structure known as the fluid mosaic model.
- The phospholipid bilayer is composed of a phosphate group head (hydrophilic) and two fatty acid tails (hydrophobic).
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
- Helps with the production and storage of proteins and is where most membranes of the organelles come from.
- Types: rough ER (covered in ribosomes), smooth ER (synthesizes lipids, carbohydrates, and steroid hormones).
Golgi Apparatus
- Modifies product of the ER and manufactures certain macromolecules.
- Sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles.
Lysosomes
- Has hydrolytic enzymes that digest and break down biomolecules.
- Works as the recycling facility of the cell.
- Made by ER and Golgi.
Cell Wall
- Supports and protects the cell and helps resist external pressure.
- Made of cellulose in plants, chitin in fungi, and peptidoglycan in bacteria.
Cytoskeleton
- Network of fibers that supports cells to maintain their shape and internal organization.
- Composed of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments in eukaryotic cells.
Microtubules
- Thickest, hollow tube, made up of tubulin, maintains shape by compression, and cell motility.
Microfilaments
- Maintains/changes shape by tension-bearing, intertwined actin, for muscle contraction and cell division.
Intermediate Filaments
- Coiled fibrous proteins such as keratin, maintains shape by tension-bearing, found in only some animal cells.
Cell Modifications
- Microvilli: brush/striated border on the surface of the cell, increases surface area for absorption.
- Cilia: short hair-like structures that function in movements of materials, found on the cell surface.
- Flagella: whip-like structure that allows the movement of cells, made up of microtubules.
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Description
Learn the fundamental principles of cell theory, types of cells, and basic features of cells, including organelles and their functions.