Cell Biology Basics
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Questions and Answers

What is the smallest living unit in all organisms?

  • Molecule
  • Cell (correct)
  • Organ
  • Tissue

    • Who introduced the concept that all living things are made of cells?

  • Charles Darwin
  • Gregor Mendel
  • Schleiden and Schwann (correct)
  • Rudolf Virchow

    • What is a characteristic of prokaryotes?

  • Presence of chloroplasts
  • Presence of centrioles
  • Simple, unicellular (correct)
  • Complex, multicellular

    • What is the main difference between plant and animal cells in terms of organelles?

    <p>Plant cells have both chloroplasts and mitochondria, while animal cells have only mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the cytosol?

    <p>Semifluid substance that supports cellular organelles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Presence of centrioles and centrosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the ribosomes?

    <p>Protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who introduced the concept that all cells come from pre-existing cells?

    <p>Rudolf Virchow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the detoxification of alcohol take place?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the site of photosynthesis in a cell?

    <p>Chloroplast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Endoplasmic Reticulum?

    <p>Production and storage of proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fluid mosaic model referring to?

    <p>Cell membrane structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does glycolysis take place?

    <p>Cytosol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of mitochondria?

    <p>Aerobic respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the component of the cell membrane that is hydrophilic?

    <p>Phosphate group head</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are ribosomes typically found?

    <p>Cytosol and outside of the Endoplasmic Reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

    <p>The presence of a nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the nuclear envelope?

    <p>To separate the nucleus from the cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for 'little organs' that perform various jobs inside cells?

    <p>Organelles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of ribosomes?

    <p>To synthesize proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the region in prokaryotic cells where genetic material is found?

    <p>Nucleoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of plasmodesmata?

    <p>To connect two plant cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of peroxisomes?

    <p>To perform oxidative reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the component of the nuclear envelope?

    <p>Lipid bilayer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of microvilli?

    <p>To increase surface area for absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of microtubules?

    <p>Tubulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells would you expect to find the most lysosomes?

    <p>White blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of cilia?

    <p>To move materials on the cell surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of intermediate filaments?

    <p>To form the nuclear lamina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of flagella?

    <p>To detect changes in temperature and pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of microfilaments?

    <p>To maintain cell shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of motor proteins?

    <p>To drive muscle contraction and transport proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the stroma in chloroplasts?

    <p>Fluid surrounding grana and site for dark reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

    <p>Sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of lysosomes?

    <p>Has hydrolytic enzymes that digest and break down biomolecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the cell wall?

    <p>Supports and protects the cell and helps resist external pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments in cells?

    <p>To maintain cell shape and internal organization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is autophagy?

    <p>The site for light-dependent reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is phagocytosis?

    <p>The process of cell engulfing another cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of cellulose?

    <p>Can't be digested by humans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cell Theory

    • The cell is the smallest living unit in all organisms.
    • All living things are made of cells.
    • All cells come from pre-existing cells.

    Types of Cells

    • Prokaryotes: simple, unicellular, and abundant; examples include bacteria and archaea.
    • Eukaryotes: complex, multicellular, and diverse; examples include protists, plants, animals, and fungi.

    Plant vs. Animal Cells

    • Plant cells: bigger in size, nucleus is centralized, have chloroplasts and mitochondria, and have a cell wall.
    • Animal cells: centrosomes, centrioles, and basal bodies are present; have mitochondria but no chloroplasts or cell walls.

    Basic Features of All Cells

    • Plasma membrane
    • Semifluid substance: cytosol
    • Ribosomes (protein factory)
    • Chromosomes (gene carrier)

    Organelles

    • Specialized structures that perform various jobs inside cells.
    • Examples: nucleus, ribosomes, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, chloroplasts, and peroxisomes.

    Nucleus

    • Contains most of the cell's genes and is usually the most conspicuous organelle.
    • The nuclear envelope encloses the nucleus, separating it from the cytoplasm.
    • Nucleolus: where ribosomes are formed and RNA is synthesized.

    Mitochondria

    • Performs aerobic respiration where energy (ATP) is obtained from food consumed and made available for the use of the cell.
    • Kreb's Cycle and Electron Transport Chain occur here.

    Cytoplasm

    • Semi-fluid liquid that fills the cell and holds the components of a cell.
    • Cytosol: the part of the cytoplasm not taken up by organelles.

    Cell Membrane

    • Has a structure known as the fluid mosaic model.
    • The phospholipid bilayer is composed of a phosphate group head (hydrophilic) and two fatty acid tails (hydrophobic).

    Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

    • Helps with the production and storage of proteins and is where most membranes of the organelles come from.
    • Types: rough ER (covered in ribosomes), smooth ER (synthesizes lipids, carbohydrates, and steroid hormones).

    Golgi Apparatus

    • Modifies product of the ER and manufactures certain macromolecules.
    • Sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles.

    Lysosomes

    • Has hydrolytic enzymes that digest and break down biomolecules.
    • Works as the recycling facility of the cell.
    • Made by ER and Golgi.

    Cell Wall

    • Supports and protects the cell and helps resist external pressure.
    • Made of cellulose in plants, chitin in fungi, and peptidoglycan in bacteria.

    Cytoskeleton

    • Network of fibers that supports cells to maintain their shape and internal organization.
    • Composed of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments in eukaryotic cells.

    Microtubules

    • Thickest, hollow tube, made up of tubulin, maintains shape by compression, and cell motility.

    Microfilaments

    • Maintains/changes shape by tension-bearing, intertwined actin, for muscle contraction and cell division.

    Intermediate Filaments

    • Coiled fibrous proteins such as keratin, maintains shape by tension-bearing, found in only some animal cells.

    Cell Modifications

    • Microvilli: brush/striated border on the surface of the cell, increases surface area for absorption.
    • Cilia: short hair-like structures that function in movements of materials, found on the cell surface.
    • Flagella: whip-like structure that allows the movement of cells, made up of microtubules.

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    Description

    Learn the fundamental principles of cell theory, types of cells, and basic features of cells, including organelles and their functions.

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