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Questions and Answers
The study of biology balances the ______ strategy with the goal of understanding how the parts of cells, organisms and populations are functionally integrated.
The study of biology balances the ______ strategy with the goal of understanding how the parts of cells, organisms and populations are functionally integrated.
reductionist
In 1665, Robert Hooke observed honeycomb-like ______ cells in a thin slice of cork under a microscope.
In 1665, Robert Hooke observed honeycomb-like ______ cells in a thin slice of cork under a microscope.
dead
Anton Von Leeuwenhoek was the first to see and describe ______ cells in a drop of pond water and scrapings from his teeth.
Anton Von Leeuwenhoek was the first to see and describe ______ cells in a drop of pond water and scrapings from his teeth.
living
Matthias J Schleiden, a German botanist, concluded that all ______ are made of cells.
Matthias J Schleiden, a German botanist, concluded that all ______ are made of cells.
Theodore Schwann, a British zoologist, formulated the 'cell ______' based on his studies of animal cells.
Theodore Schwann, a British zoologist, formulated the 'cell ______' based on his studies of animal cells.
One of the tenets of cell theory is that all cells arise only by ______ of a previously existing cell.
One of the tenets of cell theory is that all cells arise only by ______ of a previously existing cell.
Modern cell theory states that the cell contains ______ information (DNA) that is passed on from cell to cell during cell division.
Modern cell theory states that the cell contains ______ information (DNA) that is passed on from cell to cell during cell division.
The activity of a cell depends on the activities of ______ structures within the cell, such as organelles, nucleus, and plasma membrane.
The activity of a cell depends on the activities of ______ structures within the cell, such as organelles, nucleus, and plasma membrane.
The ______ is a semifluid matrix that fills the interior of the cell.
The ______ is a semifluid matrix that fills the interior of the cell.
Organisms can be broadly categorized into three main domains: Archaea, Bacteria, and ______.
Organisms can be broadly categorized into three main domains: Archaea, Bacteria, and ______.
Prokaryotes, such as Archaea and Bacteria, have their genetic material located in a ______.
Prokaryotes, such as Archaea and Bacteria, have their genetic material located in a ______.
Eukaryotic cells have a ______ that houses their genetic material.
Eukaryotic cells have a ______ that houses their genetic material.
Viruses, viroids, and prions are examples of ______ entities that lack cellular structure.
Viruses, viroids, and prions are examples of ______ entities that lack cellular structure.
Flashcards
Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm
A semifluid, gel-like substance filling the interior of a cell, providing a medium for cellular activities.
Domains of Life
Domains of Life
The three main domains of life, each containing distinct characteristics: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
Prokaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic Cells
Cells lacking a membrane-bound nucleus and other internal organelles. They have a single type of plasma membrane and their genetic material is found in a region called the nucleoid.
Eukaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic Cells
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Organelles
Organelles
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Reductionist Strategy in Biology
Reductionist Strategy in Biology
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Who coined the term 'cell'?
Who coined the term 'cell'?
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Who discovered living cells?
Who discovered living cells?
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Schleiden's contribution to cell theory
Schleiden's contribution to cell theory
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Schwann's contribution to cell theory
Schwann's contribution to cell theory
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Cell Theory
Cell Theory
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Modern Cell Theory
Modern Cell Theory
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Characteristics of Cells
Characteristics of Cells
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Study Notes
Cell and Molecular Biology - History and Basic Properties of Cells
- Biology balances reductionist strategies with understanding how cell, organism, and population parts work together.
- Robert Hooke (1665) observed honeycomb-like structures in cork and coined the term "cell," meaning a small room or compartment.
- Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1667) first saw and described living cells (animalcules/bacteria) in pond water and scrapings of his teeth.
- Matthias Schleiden (1838) concluded that all plants are made of cells.
- Theodor Schwann (1839) proposed the cell theory, stating that animals are also made of cells.
- Rudolf Virchow (1855) expanded the cell theory to include that cells arise only from pre-existing cells.
Cell Theory
- All organisms are made of one or more cells.
- Life processes (metabolism and heredity) occur within cells.
- Cells are the basic units of organization in organisms.
- Cells are produced from pre-existing cells.
Early Microscopes
- Early microscopes were developed and used in the 17th century.
- Galileo Galilei is credited by some historians with inventing a microscope.
- Robert Hooke designed a microscope and illustrated it in his book Micrographia.
- Anton van Leeuwenhoek built microscopes with high magnification allowing him to see bacteria and other microorganisms.
Modern Cell Theory
- Cells contain hereditary information (DNA) passed on during cell division.
- All cells have similar chemical composition and metabolic activities.
- All basic chemical and physiological activities occur within cells (e.g., movement, digestion).
- Cell activity depends on sub-cellular structures (e.g., organelles, nucleus, plasma membrane).
Characteristics of Cells
- Cell membrane (phospholipid bilayer): Controls cell function, small cells have more surface area relative to volume than large cells.
- Cytoplasm: Semifluid matrix filling the cell, containing sugars, amino acids, and proteins for cell function.
- Organelles: Structures with specific functions inside cells, containing genetic materials.
Three Main Domains of Life
- Archaea: A domain of prokaryotes.
- Bacteria: A domain of prokaryotes.
- Eukarya: A domain of eukaryotes that includes cells with membrane-bound organelles.
Cell Types of Organisms
- Prokaryotes: (Archaea and Bacteria): Single-celled organisms lacking membrane-bound organelles. Their DNA is found in a nucleoid region.
- Eukaryotes: Have membrane-bound organelles. Their DNA is located in a nucleus.
Acellular Entities
- Viruses, viroids, and prions: Are not considered cells.
- Viruses are fragments of nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) and are non-living but capable of replication.
- Viroids are smaller than viruses, consisting of RNA without a protein coat. They infect eukaryotes.
- Prions are infectious agents consisting of misfolded proteins.
Comparison of Bacterial, Animal, and Plant Cells
- A table comparing cell wall, plasma membranes, and other internal structures among these types of cells.
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