Cell Adaptations and Hypertrophy

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary difference between hypertrophy and hyperplasia?

Hyperplasia is a response to nutritional deficiency, while hypertrophy is not.

Hypertrophy leads to anatomical changes, whereas hyperplasia does not.

Hypertrophy involves an increase in cell size, while hyperplasia involves an increase in cell number. (correct)

Hypertrophy occurs only in dividing cells, while hyperplasia occurs in nondividing cells.

In what scenario might both hypertrophy and hyperplasia occur simultaneously?

When cells are remodeled due to aging.

When skeletal muscles adapt to increased physical workload. (correct)

When muscle cells undergo nutrient deprivation.

When myocardial fibers are subjected to radiation damage.

What leads to physiologic hypertrophy of the uterus during pregnancy?

Increased metabolic activity due to external stressors.

Decreased blood flow supplying the tissue.

Genetic mutations in smooth muscle cells.

Activation of estrogen receptors resulting in protein synthesis. (correct)

Which of the following statements about cell injury is incorrect?

Pathological hypertrophy exclusively results from nutritional deficiencies. Signup and view all the answers

What primarily drives the physiological hypertrophy of skeletal muscle cells?

Increased workload and functional demand. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cell primarily undergoes hypertrophy in response to stress from increased workload?

Cardiac muscle cells Signup and view all the answers

What is a common pathological trigger for hypertrophy in nondividing cells?

Chronic hypertension or increased tissue demand. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes liquefactive necrosis from other types of necrosis?

It results in a transformation of tissue into a viscous liquid. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of necrosis is associated with the appearance of a soft, granular, yellow structure resembling dry cheese?

Caseous necrosis Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic clinical example of gangrenous necrosis?

Wet gangrene of the small intestine Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes traumatic fat necrosis?

It arises after injury to tissue high in fat content. Signup and view all the answers

What is the fate of necrotic cells within the living patient?

They are removed through enzymatic digestion and phagocytosis. Signup and view all the answers

What primarily causes the bulging muscles of bodybuilders during strength training?

Hypertrophy of individual skeletal muscle fibers Signup and view all the answers

In what situation does concentric left ventricular hypertrophy typically occur?

In response to pressure overload from systemic hypertension Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a situation where compensatory hyperplasia occurs?

Regeneration of the liver after donation of one lobe Signup and view all the answers

Which condition represents a physiological form of hyperplasia?

Liver regeneration post-transplant Signup and view all the answers

What is a common cause of pathologic hyperplasia in the breast?

Hormonal imbalance from tumors or medications Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following tissues is NOT capable of hyperplasia due to its limited cell division ability?

Skeletal muscle Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism accounts for the increase in organ size during hyperplasia?

Proliferation of mature cells activated by growth factors Signup and view all the answers

Which type of hyperplasia is specifically associated with hormonal changes during puberty?

Hormonal hyperplasia Signup and view all the answers

Which condition can lead to an increase in bone marrow hyperplasia?

Increased exposure to high altitudes Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary indicator of steatosis in the liver at a gross level?

Yellow, greasy, soft organ Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following features is associated with necrosis?

Depletion of ATP and rupture of membranes Signup and view all the answers

What morphological change is commonly seen in cells undergoing apoptosis?

Cellular fragmentation into apoptotic bodies Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is least likely to cause steatosis?

Hypertension Signup and view all the answers

Microscopically, what is a prominent feature of cells exhibiting steatosis?

Clear fat vacuoles with a displaced nucleus Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of autophagy in relation to cell death?

A regulated process distinct from apoptosis and necrosis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes mitochondrial changes during necrosis?

Swollen and dysfunctional mitochondria Signup and view all the answers

What type of cellular injury does the presence of cytoplasmic blebs indicate?

Severe irreversible injury Signup and view all the answers

Which statement most accurately differentiates apoptosis from necrosis?

Necrosis usually entails inflammation, while apoptosis does not. Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is commonly referred to as 'fatty liver'?

Steatosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of coagulative necrosis?

Preserved tissue architecture despite cell death Signup and view all the answers

Which biochemical marker is associated with damaged cardiac muscle cells?

Troponin Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes necrosis from apoptosis on a morphological level?

Loss of cellular membrane integrity Signup and view all the answers

Which type of necrosis is most likely associated with ischemia of the kidney?

Coagulative necrosis Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism underlies the irreversibility of necrosis?

Loss of membrane integrity and mitochondrial dysfunction Signup and view all the answers

Which necrosis type is characterized by the presence of bacterial infection leading to liquefactive pus?

Liquefactive necrosis Signup and view all the answers

Fatty necrosis is often associated with which physiological condition?

Trauma to adipose tissue Signup and view all the answers

In which clinical situation would you likely test for alkaline phosphatase?

Cholestasis or biliary obstruction Signup and view all the answers

Which features are typically associated with apoptosis rather than necrosis?

Cellular shrinkage and fragmentation Signup and view all the answers

The leakage of which intracellular proteins is primarily used to assess liver cell damage?

Transaminases Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism responsible for disuse atrophy?

Decreased workload Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is the most likely cause of irreversible muscle atrophy due to nerve damage?

Denervation atrophy Signup and view all the answers

What type of metaplasia occurs in response to chronic irritation by smoking?

Columnar to squamous Signup and view all the answers

Which type of atrophy can be reversed once normal activity resumes?

Disuse atrophy Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about pathologic atrophy is true?

It restricts blood supply leading to tissue damage. Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism primarily drives compensatory hyperplasia in the liver after donation of one lobe?

Growth factor-driven proliferation of mature cells Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about pathologic hyperplasia is true?

It can be triggered by excessive hormone actions Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario does hypertrophy of striated muscle cells primarily occur?

In response to increased workload and metabolism Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes hormonal hyperplasia in the female breast during pregnancy?

Increase in both mature cells and glandular cell size Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario is indicative of a pathological form of hyperplasia?

Breast mass due to increased estrogen levels Signup and view all the answers

What early alteration is most commonly associated with hydropic change in reversibly injured cells?

Generalized swelling of the cell and its organelles Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes physiologic hypertrophy from pathologic hypertrophy?

Physiologic hypertrophy arises from increased functional demands, whereas pathologic hypertrophy is typically due to growth factors. Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is primarily responsible for fatty change in cellular structures?

Accumulation of toxic agents Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes a characteristic of hypertrophy in myocardial fibers?

Hypertrophy results in an increase in the size but not in the number of myocardial cells. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main physiological process that leads to cellular swelling during reversible injury?

Failure of ATP-dependent sodium-potassium pumps Signup and view all the answers

In what scenario might hypertrophy and hyperplasia occur together?

During pregnancy when the uterus is hormonally stimulated. Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario is an example of squamous metaplasia due to chronic irritation?

Transitional epithelium in the urinary bladder due to bilharziasis eggs Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic distinguishing reversible cell injury from irreversible cell injury?

Correctable alterations upon removal of damage stimulus Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential clinical consequence if the limits of adaptive responses are exceeded?

Cell injury may occur that is either reversible or irreversible. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes hypertrophy in skeletal muscle cells?

It is often induced by prolonged increased workload. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cell Adaptations to Stress

Adaptations are reversible changes in cell size, number, phenotype, metabolic activity, or functions in response to environmental changes.
Forms include hypertrophy, hyperplasia, atrophy, and metaplasia.
Cells capable of division can respond with hyperplasia and hypertrophy. Non-dividing cells like myocardial fibers respond only with hypertrophy.
Hypertrophy and hyperplasia can coexist and increase organ size.
Exceeded adaptive responses or cellular insults can cause cell injury, which can be reversible or irreversible.

Hypertrophy

Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size, resulting in an increase in the size of the affected organ.
Increased workload is a common stimulus for skeletal and cardiac muscle hypertrophy.
Muscle cells synthesize more protein, increasing growth factors and modifying muscle proteins to increase force generation.
Hypertrophy can be physiological (due to increased demand) or pathological (due to hormonal or growth factors).
Physiological example: Uterine hypertrophy during pregnancy, stimulated by estrogen. Also, bulging muscles of bodybuilders from increased workload and cellular demand.

Hyperplasia

Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue.
This occurs only in cells capable of division.
Physiological hyperplasia: Increased glandular epithelial cells in the breast during puberty, pregnancy, and lactation, or liver regeneration after part removal due to compensatory hyperplasia.
Pathological hyperplasia: Endometrial or breast hyperplasia due to excessive estrogen. Benign prostatic hyperplasia related to imbalanced estrogen and androgens in older men.

Atrophy

Atrophy is a decrease in the size of an organ or tissue due to a decrease in cell size and number.
Physiological atrophy: Reduced metabolic activity in embryonic structures. Uterine reduction after menopause.
Pathological atrophy: Disuse atrophy caused by lack of use (bed rest). Denervation atrophy due to nerve damage, or loss of blood supply (ischemia).

Metaplasia

Metaplasia is a reversible change where one differentiated cell type is replaced by another.
This change occurs due to chronic irritation or when a cell type is sensitive to stress.
Cells are replaced by another type that is more resistant.
Examples include squamous metaplasia of respiratory bronchial epithelium in smokers, or squamous metaplasia of transitional epithelium of the bladder related to irritation.

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Description

Explore the fascinating world of cell adaptations to stress in this quiz. Learn about reversible changes like hypertrophy, hyperplasia, atrophy, and metaplasia, and how they affect organ size and function. Understand the differences between physiological and pathological hypertrophy and the implications on health.