Cell Adaptation and Homeostasis
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Cell Adaptation and Homeostasis

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Questions and Answers

What type of cellular change is characterized by disrupted cell size, shape, and organization, often associated with cancer precursors?

  • Metaplasia
  • Dysplasia (correct)
  • Hypoplasia
  • Hypertrophy

    • Which condition describes incomplete development of an organ with reduced cell numbers?

  • Hypoplasia (correct)
  • Hyperplasia
  • Metaplasia
  • Dysplasia

    • Which type of cellular adaptation involves the transformation of normal columnar epithelium to squamous epithelium?

  • Dysplasia
  • Metaplasia (correct)
  • Hypoplasia
  • Atrophy

    • What characterizes hyaline change in tissue samples stained with H&E?

    <p>Homogeneous pinkish alteration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about dysplasia is true?

    <p>It involves atypical cytological changes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes adaptations in cells?

    <p>They are reversible functional and structural responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of adaptive response?

    <p>Necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'atrophy' refer to?

    <p>Decrease in cell size due to loss of substance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following could lead to muscular atrophy?

    <p>Prolonged immobilization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ischemia can cause brain atrophy as part of which phenomenon?

    <p>Aging.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is primarily associated with loss of nerve supply leading to atrophy?

    <p>Poliomyelitis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of eliminating the stress causing cell adaptation?

    <p>Cells return to their original state.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a cause of atrophy related to nutritional status?

    <p>Starvation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells undergo profound hyperplastic growth?

    <p>Epidermis cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of hyperplasia?

    <p>Adaptive hyperplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily drives hyperplasia?

    <p>Growth factor-driven proliferation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of physiological hyperplasia?

    <p>Compensatory growth after an injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells typically have no capacity for hyperplasia?

    <p>Heart muscle cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is metaplasia?

    <p>Replacement of one cell type by another mature cell type</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Endometrial hyperplasia is primarily caused by which factor?

    <p>Excessive hormonal stimulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Squamous metaplasia of the respiratory epithelium is often a result of:

    <p>Habitual smoking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main aim of atrophy in response to reduced blood supply and nutrition?

    <p>To balance cell survival</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cellular components are reduced during atrophy?

    <p>Mitochondria and myofilaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the cells when atrophy is prolonged and severe?

    <p>Cells die and are replaced by fibrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process allows a starving cell to consume its own components for survival?

    <p>Autophagy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes 'brown atrophy' of the heart?

    <p>Accumulation of lipofuscin granules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During atrophy, why does protein synthesis decrease?

    <p>Due to decreased metabolic activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition can lead to bilateral atrophy of the testis?

    <p>Chronic alcoholism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What tissue change is observed in brain atrophy related to aging?

    <p>Widening of sulci and narrowing of gyri</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is hypertrophy primarily associated with?

    <p>Increase in the size of cells and tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an example of physiological hypertrophy?

    <p>Left ventricle in systemic hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the mechanism of hypertrophy?

    <p>Activation of cell receptors and growth factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when the hypertrophied muscle can no longer compensate for increased work?

    <p>Hypertrophy becomes pathological</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about hyperplasia is correct?

    <p>It leads to an increase in the number of cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause for cardiac hypertrophy?

    <p>Heart valve malfunction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do smooth muscle cells in a gravid uterus compare to those in a normal uterus?

    <p>They are larger and plumper.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do proteins and organelles play in the process of hypertrophy?

    <p>They are synthesized to support increased workload.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Homeostasis

    • Normal cells are in a state of balance with surrounding cells.

    Adaptation

    • Adaptations are reversible changes in response to stress and some pathologic stimuli, allowing the cell to survive and function.
    • The cell can recover to its original state when the stress is eliminated.

    Adaptation Responses

    • Adaptations can be hypertrophy, hyperplasia, atrophy, and metaplasia.

    Atrophy

    • Atrophy refers to a decrease in cell size due to loss of cell substance causing a decrease in organ or tissue size.
    • Atrophy can be caused by decreased workload, denervation, ischemia, undernutrition, and loss of endocrine stimulation.
    • The aim of atrophy is to conserve energy and resources to survive with reduced blood supply and nutrition.
    • Atrophy leads to a decrease in cell organelles and protein synthesis, an increase in protein degradation due to the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, and increased autophagy.

    Hypertrophy

    • Hypertrophy refers to an increase in cell size leading to an increase in organ or tissue size.
    • Hypertrophy is caused by the synthesis of more structural components within the cell.
    • Hypertrophy can be physiological or pathological.
    • Examples include uterine hypertrophy in pregnancy, skeletal muscles in athletes, and left ventricle hypertrophy in systemic hypertension.
    • The stimulus for hypertrophy is usually chronic hemodynamic overload from hypertension or faulty valves.

    Hyperplasia

    • Hyperplasia refers to an increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue leading to an increase in size.
    • Hyperplasia can be physiological or pathological.
    • Physiological hyperplasia occurs due to hormonal stimulation or compensatory mechanisms.
    • Pathological hyperplasia occurs due to excessive hormonal stimulation or growth factors affecting target cells.
    • Hyperplasia is the result of growth factor-driven proliferation of mature cells and increased output of new cells from tissue stem cells.

    Metaplasia

    • Metaplasia refers to the replacement of one mature cell type with another mature cell type.
    • It is an adaptation to a stressful environment.
    • Examples include squamous metaplasia of the laryngeal and bronchial epithelium due to smoking, squamous metaplasia of the urothelium in the urinary bladder due to Bilharzia, and columnar metaplasia of esophageal squamous epithelium due to acid reflux.

    Dysplasia

    • Dysplasia refers to disturbed proliferation of cells associated with atypical changes in cell size, shape, and organization.
    • Most commonly encountered in lining epithelia, especially squamous epithelium.
    • Characterized by increased proliferative activity, hyperchromatic nuclei, and increased mitotic activity without abnormal mitoses.
    • Often found adjacent to foci of cancer, but it doesn't always progress to malignancy.

    Hypoplasia

    • Hypoplasia refers to incomplete development of an organ due to reduced cell numbers.

    Degenerative Changes

    • Hyaline change: Homogeneous, pinkish alteration in sections stained with H&E.
      • Intracellular examples include hyaline droplets in renal tubular epithelium, Russell bodies in plasma cells, viral inclusions, and alcoholic hyaline in liver cells (Mallory bodies).
      • Extracellular examples include hyalinization of collagen in old scars, arteriolar walls in hypertension and diabetes, and amyloid deposition.

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    Description

    This quiz covers key concepts of cell adaptation and homeostasis, including definitions, mechanisms, and examples of atrophy and hypertrophy. Understand how cells adjust to stress and the implications of these changes on overall cellular function.

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