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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT a route of spread mentioned in the text?
What is the recommended dosing schedule for the MMR vaccine?
What is the main significance of hand hygiene according to the text?
Which hand hygiene technique involves washing hands using alcohol-based preparations?
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What is the main disadvantage of alcohol-based handrubs mentioned in the text?
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What does the CDC recommend for hand hygiene when hands are not visibly soiled?
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When should Alcohol-based Hand-rubbing be used according to the text?
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Which method of transmission is common for pertussis and influenza according to the text?
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What type of precautions are recommended for diseases transmitted through direct cough, as mentioned in the text?
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Which of the following diseases can be transmitted through direct cough, according to the text?
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What is the primary mode of transmission for diseases like pertussis and meningitis?
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Which type of precautions should be followed for diseases transmitted via direct cough, based on the text?
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Study Notes
Hand Hygiene Technique
- Wash hands with clean water and apply soap
- Rub hands together and scrub well, especially:
- Between the fingers
- Around fingernails
- Back of the thumb
- Dry hands using a clean towel or air dry
Surgical Hand Antisepsis
- Done by using either:
- Meningitidis Single dose
- Influenza vaccine (annually for clinical and reception staff)
- MMR vaccine (2 doses, 4 weeks apart, for those with no previous MMR vaccine or immunity)
Hand Washing Techniques
- There are 3 techniques for hand washing, arranged from good to best:
- Normal Handwashing (plain soap + water): removes soil and dirt
- Antiseptic Handwashing (antiseptic soap + water): removes soil, dirt, and transient microorganisms
- Alcohol-based Handrub (alcohol-based preparations): removes transient microorganisms
Significance of Hand Hygiene
- Microorganisms colonize top layers of the skin due to direct contact
- Lapses in hand hygiene have resulted in:
- Disease outbreaks
- Hospital-associated infections (HAIs)
- Presence of antibiotic-resistant infections
- Microorganisms can be removed by routinely handwashing
Alcohol-based Handrubs
- Indications:
- No visible soil on the hand
- Inability to wash hands
- Advantages:
- Quick, easy, and contain emollient to prevent skin dryness
- Rapid action against wide species, including MRSA
- Disadvantages:
- Alcohol evaporates rapidly (gel should be added)
- Excess emollient may contaminate surfaces with a greasy layer
CDC Recommendations
- If hands are dirty/with blood/saliva, use Normal/Antiseptic handwash
- If hands are not visibly soiled, use Alcohol-based Hand-rubbing
Indications for Hand Hygiene
- When hands are visibly soiled
- Touching of inanimate objects contaminated by blood or saliva
- Before and after treating each patient
- Before donning gloves
- Immediately after removing gloves
Modes of Transmission
- Airborne (Inhalational): small in size, travel large distance
- Examples: Influenza, Measles, SARS, TB, chickenpox
- Precautions: Respiratory masks, eye protection, -ve pressure rooms
- Airborne contact (Aerosolization): may be from spray of handpiece, mists, ultrasonic scaler
- Droplet: larger than airborne, transmitted through direct cough
- Examples: Pertussis, influenza, meningitis
- Precautions: Same as airborne
- Chain of Infection: 6 elements
- Infectious agent → Pathogen
- Reservoir → Place for bacteria to live
- Portal of Exit → Way to escape
- Mode of transmission → Way it is transmitted to another reservoir
- Portal of entry → To another reservoir
- Susceptible host → Someone with low immunity
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Description
Test your knowledge on the CDC's recommended hand hygiene technique, including steps like washing hands with clean water and applying soap, and scrubbing hands thoroughly. See how well you know the proper hand hygiene steps!
