Podcast
Questions and Answers
The process of a seed starting to grow, or the act of causing a seed to start growing
The process of a seed starting to grow, or the act of causing a seed to start growing
germination
Three basic requirements of agricultural production
Three basic requirements of agricultural production
soil seed water
Additional requirements of agricultural production
Additional requirements of agricultural production
fertilizers, insecticides, sunshine, suitable atmospheric temperature, human labor
most important requirement of agricultural production.
most important requirement of agricultural production.
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The artificial application of water to land for supplementing the naturally available moisture in the root-zone soil for the purpose of agricultural production is
The artificial application of water to land for supplementing the naturally available moisture in the root-zone soil for the purpose of agricultural production is
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Applications of water in soil
Applications of water in soil
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Two categories of irrigation schemes
Two categories of irrigation schemes
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Use diversion and storage methods and obtain their supplies from rivers.
Use diversion and storage methods and obtain their supplies from rivers.
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Use open wells, and deep and shallow tube wells to lift water from the water-bearing strata below the earth’s surface
Use open wells, and deep and shallow tube wells to lift water from the water-bearing strata below the earth’s surface
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Factors to be considered in irrigation systems
Factors to be considered in irrigation systems
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Traditional Methods of Irrigation
Traditional Methods of Irrigation
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Also known as Moat. During this method, water is directly collected from the well, using
a pulley to irrigate fields.
Also known as Moat. During this method, water is directly collected from the well, using a pulley to irrigate fields.
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It consists of two large wheels connected with an endless chain. The
bottom wheel is half immersed in the water source. With the
turning of the wheel, the connected buckets dip into the water
source and bring water. Chain lifts them to the upper wheel where
water from the bucket is transferred to the pool.
It consists of two large wheels connected with an endless chain. The bottom wheel is half immersed in the water source. With the turning of the wheel, the connected buckets dip into the water source and bring water. Chain lifts them to the upper wheel where water from the bucket is transferred to the pool.
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During this system, a rope and bucket is connected to a pole or
heavy stick to obtain water from the well. It is also connected to a
heavy counterweight at the other end to draw water.
During this system, a rope and bucket is connected to a pole or heavy stick to obtain water from the well. It is also connected to a heavy counterweight at the other end to draw water.
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During this method, water is drawn from the well through a wheel
connected to animals like cows, buffalo, oxen, etc. With the
movement of animals, wheels rotate and it draws the water from
the well.
During this method, water is drawn from the well through a wheel connected to animals like cows, buffalo, oxen, etc. With the movement of animals, wheels rotate and it draws the water from the well.
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Modern Methods of Irrigation
Modern Methods of Irrigation
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is a method of laying out the water channels in
such a way where gravity plays the role of providing just enough
water for suitable plants to grow. It is usually made by the planned
placement of ridges and furrows. It is a kind of surface irrigation
system.
is a method of laying out the water channels in such a way where gravity plays the role of providing just enough water for suitable plants to grow. It is usually made by the planned placement of ridges and furrows. It is a kind of surface irrigation system.
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is the most common form of surface irrigation,
particularly in regions with layouts of small fields. If a field is level in
all directions, encompassed by a dyke to prevent runoff and
provides an undirected flow of water onto the field, it is referred to
as basin. (Stauffer & Spuhler 2012)
is the most common form of surface irrigation, particularly in regions with layouts of small fields. If a field is level in all directions, encompassed by a dyke to prevent runoff and provides an undirected flow of water onto the field, it is referred to as basin. (Stauffer & Spuhler 2012)
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Mimic the phenomenon of rain. The pipes carry water to central locations on the farm. Is one of the most efficient irrigation methods to
irrigate the uneven land for agriculture.
Mimic the phenomenon of rain. The pipes carry water to central locations on the farm. Is one of the most efficient irrigation methods to irrigate the uneven land for agriculture.
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we lay plastic pipes in rows near the crops or
plants. These pipes have holes in them. The water seeps from these
holes drop by drop, hence the name
we lay plastic pipes in rows near the crops or plants. These pipes have holes in them. The water seeps from these holes drop by drop, hence the name
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Specific Function of Irrigation System
Specific Function of Irrigation System
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is built at the entry to the irrigation system. Its
purpose is to direct water from the original source of supply (lake,
river, reservoir etc.) into the irrigation system.
is built at the entry to the irrigation system. Its purpose is to direct water from the original source of supply (lake, river, reservoir etc.) into the irrigation system.
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In some cases, the irrigation water source lies below the level of the
irrigated fields. Then it must be used to supply water to the
irrigation system
In some cases, the irrigation water source lies below the level of the irrigated fields. Then it must be used to supply water to the irrigation system
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consist of canals
transporting the water through the whole irrigation system.
consist of canals transporting the water through the whole irrigation system.
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are required for the control and measurement of
the water flow.
are required for the control and measurement of the water flow.
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or ditch, is an open waterway
whose purpose is to carry water from one place to
another.
or ditch, is an open waterway whose purpose is to carry water from one place to another.
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refer to main waterways
supplying water to one or more farms.
refer to main waterways supplying water to one or more farms.
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have smaller dimensions.
have smaller dimensions.
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Canal Characteristics
Canal Characteristics
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are simply dug in the ground and the bank is made
up from the removed earth
are simply dug in the ground and the bank is made up from the removed earth
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Earthen canals that are lined with impermeable materials to prevent excessive seepage and growth of weeds
Earthen canals that are lined with impermeable materials to prevent excessive seepage and growth of weeds
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four main types of canal structures
four main types of canal structures
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are required to reduce the bottom
slope of canals lying on steeply sloping land in order to avoid
high velocity of the flow and risk of erosion.
are required to reduce the bottom slope of canals lying on steeply sloping land in order to avoid high velocity of the flow and risk of erosion.
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are used to divide or direct the flow of water
between two or more canals or ditches.
are used to divide or direct the flow of water between two or more canals or ditches.
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are constructed in the bank of a canal. They divert
part of the water from the canal to a smaller one.
are constructed in the bank of a canal. They divert part of the water from the canal to a smaller one.
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are used to divert water from the field ditch to the field, it is often
necessary to raise the water level in the ditch.
are used to divert water from the field ditch to the field, it is often necessary to raise the water level in the ditch.
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used to carry irrigation water across roads, hillsides
and natural depressions.
used to carry irrigation water across roads, hillsides and natural depressions.
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are used to carry the water across roads.
are used to carry the water across roads.
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is used instead of a culvert when water has to be carried across a road which is at the
same level as or below the canal bottom
is used instead of a culvert when water has to be carried across a road which is at the same level as or below the canal bottom
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its main objective is to permit
efficient distribution and application.
its main objective is to permit efficient distribution and application.
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consists of a wall of timber, metal or
concrete with an opening with fixed dimensions cut in its edge
consists of a wall of timber, metal or concrete with an opening with fixed dimensions cut in its edge
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consists of a metal or concrete channel
structure with three main sections
consists of a metal or concrete channel structure with three main sections
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is similar to the Parshall flume, but has
no throat section, only converging and diverging sections
is similar to the Parshall flume, but has no throat section, only converging and diverging sections
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is necessary to remove excess water from the
irrigated land. This excess water may be e.g. waste water from
irrigation or surface runoff from rainfall. It may also include leakage
or seepage water from the distribution system.
is necessary to remove excess water from the irrigated land. This excess water may be e.g. waste water from irrigation or surface runoff from rainfall. It may also include leakage or seepage water from the distribution system.
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Excess surface water is removed through
Excess surface water is removed through
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Excess groundwater is removed through
Excess groundwater is removed through
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What is the presence of a
substance where it should not be
or at concentrations above
background?
What is the presence of a substance where it should not be or at concentrations above background?
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It is due to the influence or
activities of people
It is due to the influence or activities of people
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It always creates harmful effects
It always creates harmful effects
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It does not always create harmful
effects.
It does not always create harmful effects.
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“All pollutants are
contaminants, but not
all contaminants are
pollutants.” T or F
“All pollutants are contaminants, but not all contaminants are pollutants.” T or F
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Common Chemical Pollutants
Common Chemical Pollutants
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Parameters of Water
Parameters of Water
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contaminants that can cause sickness or illness at very low
levels or low exposure
contaminants that can cause sickness or illness at very low levels or low exposure
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cause sickness or illness only after prolonged
exposure to the contaminant in drinking water
cause sickness or illness only after prolonged exposure to the contaminant in drinking water
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some common contaminants encountered in water treatment
some common contaminants encountered in water treatment
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Basic Water Quality Parameters
Basic Water Quality Parameters
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Measured hydrogen ion concentration. Negative log of hydrogen ion concentration. It reflects the acidity or alkalinity of solution
Measured hydrogen ion concentration. Negative log of hydrogen ion concentration. It reflects the acidity or alkalinity of solution
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The measure of the ability of water to conduct an electric current and
depends upon the number of ions or charged particles in the water, and is
measured by passing a current between two electrodes that are placed into a
sample water.
The measure of the ability of water to conduct an electric current and depends upon the number of ions or charged particles in the water, and is measured by passing a current between two electrodes that are placed into a sample water.
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in measuring this, we consider the concentration of salt
dissolved in the water.
in measuring this, we consider the concentration of salt dissolved in the water.
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Amount of gaseous oxygen (O2) dissolved in water.
Amount of gaseous oxygen (O2) dissolved in water.
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The cloudy or muddy appearance of a naturally clear liquid caused by the
suspension of particulate matter.
The cloudy or muddy appearance of a naturally clear liquid caused by the suspension of particulate matter.
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Is the amount of oxygen needed by aerobic biological organisms in a
body of water to break down organic material present in a given water
sample at certain temperature over a specific time period.
Is the amount of oxygen needed by aerobic biological organisms in a body of water to break down organic material present in a given water sample at certain temperature over a specific time period.
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are caused by volatile substances associated with organic matter, living organisms, and gases
are caused by volatile substances associated with organic matter, living organisms, and gases
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are caused by:
○ Chlorides and sulfates of calcium, magnesium, and sodium
○ Organisms (algae)
○ Industrial Waste
are caused by: ○ Chlorides and sulfates of calcium, magnesium, and sodium ○ Organisms (algae) ○ Industrial Waste
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three categories of solids
three categories of solids
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are relatively larger and heavier particles that can
settle under the influence of gravity within a specified time period
are relatively larger and heavier particles that can settle under the influence of gravity within a specified time period
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refer to solid particles that are small enough to
remain suspended in wastewater without settling.
refer to solid particles that are small enough to remain suspended in wastewater without settling.
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Particles that are dissolved in water and cannot be removed by
physical separation methods.
Particles that are dissolved in water and cannot be removed by physical separation methods.
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Known as “Acid neutralizing capacity of water”. is a measure of the presence of bicarbonate, carbonate, or
hydroxide constituents.
Known as “Acid neutralizing capacity of water”. is a measure of the presence of bicarbonate, carbonate, or hydroxide constituents.
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is the amount of dissolved calcium and magnesium in the water. Usually
expressed as the number of parts per million (ppm).
is the amount of dissolved calcium and magnesium in the water. Usually expressed as the number of parts per million (ppm).
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they indicate the presence of fecal material and
hence the presence of intestinal pathogens.
they indicate the presence of fecal material and hence the presence of intestinal pathogens.
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The maximum concentration of a chemical that is allowed in public
drinking water systems.
The maximum concentration of a chemical that is allowed in public drinking water systems.
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what does NTU mean
what does NTU mean
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MRDL
MRDL
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Water Treatment Processes
Water Treatment Processes
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One of the problem comes from material that is less than one
micrometer (0.001 mm) in size, which is called
One of the problem comes from material that is less than one micrometer (0.001 mm) in size, which is called
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The process of decreasing the stability of the colloids in water is called
The process of decreasing the stability of the colloids in water is called
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Two opposing forces that impact the removal of colloidal material:
Two opposing forces that impact the removal of colloidal material:
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are those factors that help to keep
colloids dispersed.
are those factors that help to keep colloids dispersed.
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are those factors that contribute
to the natural removal of colloids.
are those factors that contribute to the natural removal of colloids.
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Most Common Coagulants
Most Common Coagulants
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The amount of coagulant which should be added to the water will depend on
the
The amount of coagulant which should be added to the water will depend on the
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It is a physical process of slowly mixing the coagulated water to increase the
probability of particle collision.
It is a physical process of slowly mixing the coagulated water to increase the probability of particle collision.
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It is an adhesion of atoms, ions or molecules from a gas, liquid or
dissolved solid to a surface. involves its accumulation onto the surface of a
solid called the adsorbent.
It is an adhesion of atoms, ions or molecules from a gas, liquid or dissolved solid to a surface. involves its accumulation onto the surface of a solid called the adsorbent.
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is a solid substance used to remove contaminants from liquid or
gas that can harm the environment.
is a solid substance used to remove contaminants from liquid or gas that can harm the environment.
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adsorbents
adsorbents
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a process of settling that allows the flocculated or coagulated
particles to settle by gravity in a sedimentation tank.
a process of settling that allows the flocculated or coagulated particles to settle by gravity in a sedimentation tank.
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A physical process of separating suspended and colloidal particles from
water by passing the water through a filter media.
A physical process of separating suspended and colloidal particles from water by passing the water through a filter media.
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can consist of silica sand, greensand, anthracite coal,
activated carbon, and many other types of media.
can consist of silica sand, greensand, anthracite coal, activated carbon, and many other types of media.
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offers high filtration efficiency due to the smaller
pore sizes of the membranes.
offers high filtration efficiency due to the smaller pore sizes of the membranes.
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Bag or cartridge filters capable off removing giardia and
cryptosporidium
Bag or cartridge filters capable off removing giardia and cryptosporidium
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Membrane filters capable of removing pathogenic organisms larger
than 0.1 micrometers in size.
Membrane filters capable of removing pathogenic organisms larger than 0.1 micrometers in size.
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Membrane filters capable of removing pathogenic organisms larger
than 0.005 micrometers in size.
Membrane filters capable of removing pathogenic organisms larger than 0.005 micrometers in size.
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Membrane filters capable of removing pathogenic organisms and
dissolved organic contaminants larger than 0.001 micrometers in
size.
Membrane filters capable of removing pathogenic organisms and dissolved organic contaminants larger than 0.001 micrometers in size.
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Membrane filters capable of removing pathogenic organisms,
dissolved organic, and salts contaminants larger than 0.0001
micrometers in size. Water flows from side that has the highest concentration to the side with
the lowest concentration by applied pressure.
Membrane filters capable of removing pathogenic organisms, dissolved organic, and salts contaminants larger than 0.0001 micrometers in size. Water flows from side that has the highest concentration to the side with the lowest concentration by applied pressure.
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Water flows from the side that has the lowest concentration to the side
that has the highest concentration.
Water flows from the side that has the lowest concentration to the side that has the highest concentration.
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Water is clear after the filtration process but still contaminated by
microorganisms which must be killed by using disinfectant.
Water is clear after the filtration process but still contaminated by microorganisms which must be killed by using disinfectant.
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boiling water and irradiation with ultraviolet light.
boiling water and irradiation with ultraviolet light.
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adding chlorine , bromine, iodine, and ozone to
water.
adding chlorine , bromine, iodine, and ozone to water.
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Types of Disinfection
Types of Disinfection
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It kills vegetative bacterial cells, but spores, virus, and some protozoa
may survive long periods
It kills vegetative bacterial cells, but spores, virus, and some protozoa may survive long periods
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is an effective and relatively safe disinfection method, but is
relatively expensive and not widely used.
is an effective and relatively safe disinfection method, but is relatively expensive and not widely used.
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is employed primarily for microbial disinfection.
is employed primarily for microbial disinfection.
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kills microogranisms more effectively
kills microogranisms more effectively
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formed when free chlorine reacts with other
chemicals in water
formed when free chlorine reacts with other chemicals in water
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the sum of free and combined chlorine
the sum of free and combined chlorine
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is the process of removing residual chlorine from disinfected
wastewater prior to discharge into the environment.
is the process of removing residual chlorine from disinfected wastewater prior to discharge into the environment.
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is a strong oxidant, that produces hydroxyl free radicals that react with
organic and inorganic molecules in water to kill microbes.
is a strong oxidant, that produces hydroxyl free radicals that react with organic and inorganic molecules in water to kill microbes.
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To remove hardness (Ca and Mg) in water.
To remove hardness (Ca and Mg) in water.
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Main supply lines run through the
center of the building and sub mains
branch off in perpendicular directions.
Main supply lines run through the center of the building and sub mains branch off in perpendicular directions.
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Elevated reservoir is centrally located
and divided into several distribution
area
Elevated reservoir is centrally located and divided into several distribution area
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are large
pipes that carry large quantities
of water from the treatment
plant and storage tanks into the
distribution system.
are large pipes that carry large quantities of water from the treatment plant and storage tanks into the distribution system.
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generally
run in straight lines, have few
side connections, and aren’t
tapped for customer services.
generally run in straight lines, have few side connections, and aren’t tapped for customer services.
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Connected to transmission
mains. transmit flow to
distribution mains.
Connected to transmission mains. transmit flow to distribution mains.
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carry water
from transmission lines and
distribute it throughout a
community.
carry water from transmission lines and distribute it throughout a community.
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Machine used to convert
mechanical energy to fluid
energy.
Machine used to convert mechanical energy to fluid energy.
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moves a fluid by repeatedly
enclosing a fixed volume and
moving it mechanically
through the system.
moves a fluid by repeatedly enclosing a fixed volume and moving it mechanically through the system.
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add energy to the fluid by
accelerating it through the action of a rotating impeller.
add energy to the fluid by accelerating it through the action of a rotating impeller.
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discharges radially
discharges radially
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discharges axially
discharges axially
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radial and axial
radial and axial
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type of fitting that allows for regulation, control, and direction of
fluids passing through a pipe.
type of fitting that allows for regulation, control, and direction of fluids passing through a pipe.
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Prevent Backflow
Prevent Backflow
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Prevent water from leaving the pump
Prevent water from leaving the pump
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To stop or start a flow
To stop or start a flow
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Required at high points to release trap air.
Required at high points to release trap air.
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To keep the dirt from entering the pump
To keep the dirt from entering the pump
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The total demand for water, which encompasses the amount of
water required by the community for various purposes, such as
meeting consumer needs, supplying water for fire-fighting, system
flushing, and accounting for potential leaks.
The total demand for water, which encompasses the amount of water required by the community for various purposes, such as meeting consumer needs, supplying water for fire-fighting, system flushing, and accounting for potential leaks.
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ADD
ADD
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AAD
AAD
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MDD
MDD
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MMD
MMD
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PHD
PHD
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PWD
PWD
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demand per person
demand per person
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Ratio of the demand to the average day demand
Ratio of the demand to the average day demand
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This involves gathering water from multiple sources and allowing
sediments found in river or spring water to settle out.
This involves gathering water from multiple sources and allowing sediments found in river or spring water to settle out.
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The transportation of water from its source to the treatment
facility utilizes various conduits, such as open channels, aqueducts,
pipelines, and so on, which are collectively referred to as
The transportation of water from its source to the treatment facility utilizes various conduits, such as open channels, aqueducts, pipelines, and so on, which are collectively referred to as
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are
constructed at or below
ground level and usually
discharge water to the
distribution system
through pumps.
are constructed at or below ground level and usually discharge water to the distribution system through pumps.
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is
useful in the case of fires
and emergency
conditions. allow the
natural force of gravity
to produce consistent
water pressure
throughout the system.
is useful in the case of fires and emergency conditions. allow the natural force of gravity to produce consistent water pressure throughout the system.
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Large column (shaped
like a vertical pipe) that
can store water. The extra height of it allows it
to use gravity in order to
maintain proper water
pressure.
Large column (shaped like a vertical pipe) that can store water. The extra height of it allows it to use gravity in order to maintain proper water pressure.
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One main pipelines runs through the
center of the area. Sub Main lines are
divided into several branch.
One main pipelines runs through the center of the area. Sub Main lines are divided into several branch.
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