3 - Water Supply and Sanitation

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Questions and Answers

Which Sustainable Development Goal directly addresses the importance of water supply and sanitation?

  • SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities
  • SDG 6: Clean Water and Sanitation (correct)
  • SDG 3: Good Health and Well-being
  • SDG 13: Climate Action

Several senators have urged the public to conserve water due to Maynilad being penalized for what issue?

  • Illegal water connections
  • Excessive water billing
  • Service Interruptions (correct)
  • Water contamination incidents

What factor has contributed to frequent issues concerning water supply in recent years?

  • Reduced water consumption by households
  • Typhoons and extreme weather events (correct)
  • Decreased agricultural irrigation
  • Increased industrial output

Which of the following best characterizes a Level 1 water supply in the Philippines?

<p>Point-source such as wells or springs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a community experiences increased frequency of water service interruptions, which of the following actions would be most effective in promoting long-term water security?

<p>Implementing water conservation and efficiency measures in households and businesses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A local community relies on a Level 1 water supply that is increasingly affected by seasonal droughts. Which of the following strategies would be most sustainable for improving their access to water?

<p>Constructing rainwater harvesting systems for household use. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might achieving SDG 6 positively impact other SDGs?

<p>By improving health, reducing poverty, and supporting sustainable ecosystems. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a Water Safety Plan (WSP) within water treatment facilities?

<p>To manage risks and prevent hazards that could affect drinking water quality. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of Water Safety Plans, what does the 'Controlling Risks' step primarily involve?

<p>Deciding whether additional measures are needed and implementing programs to mitigate identified hazards. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key component of the 'Verification, Auditing, and Periodic Review' stage of a Water Safety Plan?

<p>Regularly revising the water safety plan to ensure its effectiveness. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An essential element of the Water Safety Plan (WSP) is Establish operational monitoring programs. What statement reflects why?

<p>To assess performance of implemented control measures. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of defining corrective actions within a Water Safety Plan (WSP)?

<p>To outline steps for addressing deviations from acceptable operational standards. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Philippine National Standards for Drinking Water (PNSDW)?

<p>To enforce water quality criteria and safeguard drinking water. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the Water Safety Plan (WSP) considered an important tool for water supply service providers?

<p>It provides strategies for continuous improvement in water safety, maintenance and training. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the 'initial examination' of water sources, as outlined in the content?

<p>It is mandatory for all newly established water sources. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key limitation associated with a water supply system that offers a high level of convenience and immediate access to water?

<p>Consistent availability or stability is not guaranteed. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

P.D. 856, also known as the Code on Sanitation of the Philippines, addresses which of the following?

<p>Water supply, sanitation, industrial hygiene, and food safety. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the MOST important reason for implementing control measures identified in a Water Safety Plan (WSP)?

<p>To identify and manage potential hazards that could compromise water quality. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A newly established water source must undergo testing of which water quality parameters, according to the content?

<p>Physical, biological, chemical, and radiological parameters. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of water supply and public health, what is the significance of ensuring proper water treatment?

<p>It prevents outbreaks of diseases within the community. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Metro Manila is mentioned in relation to Level III water supply because it exemplifies:

<p>A densely populated area suited to household connections. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can water supply service providers proactively contribute to the overall improvement of public health?

<p>The overall improvement of sanitation and safe water, preventing outbreaks of diseases within the community. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is LEAST likely to contribute to the contamination of surface and groundwater from domestic, industrial, and agricultural wastes?

<p>Proper chlorination of water to effectively eliminate microorganisms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the information, what is a significant concern regarding the groundwater quality in the Philippines?

<p>A large percentage of groundwater samples tested positive for E. coli or fecal coliforms. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most likely consequence of deforestation in watersheds, regarding water quality and supply?

<p>Soil erosion and siltation of water bodies, reducing water supply. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Water-related diseases are a leading cause of morbidity in a country. Which action would be MOST effective in reducing the spread of these diseases from piped water systems?

<p>Regularly chlorinating water supplies to kill microorganisms. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does watershed degradation MOST directly impact communities that rely on these watersheds for their water supply?

<p>It can cause soil erosion, siltation and ultimately flash floods. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A community experiences a sudden increase in cases of typhoid fever. The local health authorities suspect the piped water system is the source. What initial steps should they take to confirm and address this issue?

<p>Collect water samples for testing, inspect for illegal connections, and increase chlorination. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A rural community's water source is highly vulnerable to contamination from both anthropogenic activities and natural sources. What combination of strategies would be MOST effective for ensuring a safe and sustainable water supply?

<p>Implementing regular water quality testing, protecting watersheds through reforestation, and improving water treatment processes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A region is experiencing increased deforestation, leading to severe soil erosion and sedimentation in local water bodies. Considering the economic impacts, which sector is MOST likely to be immediately and negatively affected?

<p>The agricultural sector, due to reduced irrigation efficiency and crop yields. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential long-term consequence of continuous watershed degradation on public health, considering the information provided?

<p>An increase in the prevalence of water-borne diseases and overall morbidity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A building owner is developing a Water Safety Plan (WSP) for their building's water system. According to the guidelines, which aspect of the WSP is primarily the building owner's responsibility?

<p>Implementing and maintaining the WSP for the building. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A water service provider discovers levels of a contaminant exceeding the limits set by the PNSDW during a routine monthly test. What is the MOST appropriate immediate action?

<p>Implement corrective actions to address the contamination and ensure compliance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A rural community relies on a Level 1 water source (shallow well). During a periodic examination, it is observed that residents are washing clothes within 20 meters of the well. Which of the following actions should be taken FIRST?

<p>Educate the community on the risks and enforce the prohibition of such activities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When forming a Water Safety Plan (WSP) team, what is the MOST important consideration for selecting team members?

<p>Selecting individuals who are directly responsible for or knowledgeable about the water system. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A water service provider is developing a schedule for periodic examinations of a water source. What is the MOST important factor that informs the examination frequency?

<p>The need to ensure water quality remains acceptable, not exceeding 6 months interval. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are the standards of the PNSDW based on international guidelines such as those from the WHO?

<p>To ensure alignment with global best practices for water safety and public health. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of water safety, what is the primary purpose of establishing baseline data for water sources?

<p>To provide a reference point for evaluating changes in water quality over time. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following parameters is CORRECTLY paired with its required frequency of testing by water service providers, according to the PNSDW?

<p>Bacteriological testing - Every month (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the MOST critical reason for a building owner or manager to take responsibility for Water Safety Plans (WSPs) in buildings?

<p>To ensure the safety of the water supply within the building. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A community's primary water source is contaminated with high levels of bacteria after a heavy rainfall. Besides treating the water, what is another action a community can take?

<p>Identify and develop alternative water sources. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

SDG 6

Sustainable Development Goal 6 aims to ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all.

Philippine Water Supply

In the Philippines, water supply issues have become increasingly frequent in recent years.

Typhoons & Water Supply

Extreme weather events like typhoons contribute to water supply problems.

Metro Manila Water Interruption

Water service interruptions became frequent in Metro Manila a few years ago.

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Threats to Water Supply

Threats to water supply in the Philippines may include infrastructure, pollution, and climate change.

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Level 1 Water Supply

Level 1 water supply refers to a point-source, like a well or spring, serving a community.

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Point-Source Water

Point-source water supply is a water source available in one specific spot, like a well.

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Water Safety Plan (WSP)

A risk management tool to prevent hazards in water treatment facilities and refilling stations, ensuring safe drinking water.

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WSP Awareness Aim

To raise awareness of the WSP approach among stakeholders.

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WSP Systems

To create and use systems and procedures for Water Safety Plans.

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WSP Capacity Strengthening

To boost the abilities of water service providers and partners in creating and using WSPs.

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Controlling Risks in WSP

Identifying hazards, implementing control measures, monitoring programs, and defining corrective actions to manage risks in water treatment.

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Water Contamination Sources

Wastes from homes, factories, farms, and radioactive materials that can pollute water sources.

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Leaching

Occurs when pollutants seep into surface water and groundwater from waste.

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E. coli / Fecal Coliforms

Bacteria indicating fecal contamination in water. According to DOH, 50% of groundwater sampled tested positive for E.coli or fecal coliforms

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Water-related Diseases

Illnesses caused by contaminated water sources, a leading cause of sickness in the Philippines.

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Typhoid Fever

A sickness caused by Salmonella typhi bacteria, often from contaminated food or water.

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Shigella flexneri

An infection caused by Shigella bacteria, leading to diarrhea.

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Watershed

The protective area providing water; its destruction leads to water supply problems.

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Deforestation

Clearing forests, resulting in soil erosion and water body pollution.

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Siltation

Loss of forests causing soil to wash away and clog up rivers and lakes.

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Advantages of Level 3 Water Supply

Offers high convenience, common in urban areas with water districts.

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Disadvantage of Level 3 Water Supply

Consistent availability is not guaranteed.

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Public Health and Safety in Water Supply

Ensures water undergoes treatment, preventing disease outbreaks.

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Code on Sanitation of the Philippines (P.D. 856)

Addresses water supply, sanitation, industrial hygiene, and food safety.

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Role in Safeguarding Water Quality

Enforces water quality criteria set by PNSDW.

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Initial Water Examination

Mandatory for all new water sources.

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Purpose of WSP Implementation

Proactively identify and manage potential hazards through control measures.

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WSP Focus Areas

Strategies for continuous improvement in safety and maintenance.

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PNSDW

Philippine National Standards for Drinking Water. Sets standards for safe drinking water.

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Periodic Examination (Water)

Regular checks of water sources to ensure acceptable quality over time.

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Water Testing Frequency

Water service providers must test water monthly for bacteria and every 6 months for physical/chemical properties.

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Basis of PNSDW standards

International guidelines, often from WHO, that the PNSDW uses as a reference.

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Well Proximity Restrictions

Activities prohibited within 25 meters of a well to prevent contamination.

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PNSDW Responsibility

Various stakeholders share the responsibilities.

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WSP Responsibility (Treatment/Distribution)

Water supplier's responsibility for water treatment and distribution.

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WSP Responsibility (Buildings)

Building owners/managers are responsible for WSPs in buildings.

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Sources of Raw water

A specific water source (level 1, 2, or 3).

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WSP Team Formation

A team usually led by the owner or head of the facility.

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Study Notes

  • SDG 6 aims for clean water and sanitation.

Water Supply in the Philippines

  • The local water supply faces threats.
  • Water supply levels include point-source, communal faucet system, and individual connection.
  • Understanding these levels has benefits.

Levels of Water Supply

  • Level 1: Point-source, protected well or developed spring without a pipe system, common in rural areas.
  • Level 2: Communal faucet system, source, reservoir, piped distribution, shared faucets in clustered rural areas.
  • Level 3: Individual household connection, source, reservoir, pipe network, individual taps, for high-density areas.
  • Optimal coverage: Level 1, farthest household within 250m, 1 source per 15 households. Level 2, farthest within 25m, 1 faucet per 4-6 households.

Relevant Policies and Regulations

  • Code on Sanitation of the Philippines (P.D. 856) covers water supply, sanitation, hygiene, and food safety.
  • National Policy on Water Safety Plan (WSP) for all Drinking Water Service Providers (A.O. 2014-0027) ensures water safety and quality.
  • Philippine National Standards for Drinking Water (PNSDW) sets acceptable levels for water quality parameters.

Influence of Water Supply on Health

  • Access to water impacts health via water-related diseases: water-borne, water-washed, water-based, and water-vectored.

SDG 6: Clean Water Targets

  • By 2030, achieve universal access to clean water and sanitation.
  • Eliminate open defecation by providing latrine facilities.
  • Improve water quality, reduce pollution, minimize chemical release, and treat wastewater.
  • Increase water efficiency for sustainable supply, reduce water scarcity, and ensure year-round availability.
  • Implement integrated water resource management.
  • Protect water ecosystems: mountains, forests, wetlands, rivers, aquifers, and lakes.

Introduction

  • Clean water should be accessible.
  • Many countries face water supply problems due to inadequate infrastructure and planning.
  • Millions die from water-related illnesses, especially children.
  • Focus is on drinking water supply and public health, with separate wastewater treatment discussion.
  • Maintaining water supply systems is challenging, with health implications.

Threats to Water Supply

  • Rapid population growth increases water demand.
  • Over-extraction of groundwater leads to decline, saltwater intrusion, and well contamination.
  • Rapid urban development disrupts the water cycle.
  • Waste contaminates via leaching.
  • Watershed degradation from deforestation causes soil erosion and siltation.

The PNSDW

  • Establishes standards for physical, biological, chemical, and radiological parameters.
  • It requires initial exams for new sources and periodic ones for existing sources.
  • The standards are usually based on WHO guidelines.

Relevant Laws

  • Washing or bathing within 25 meters of wells is prohibited.
  • Wells cannot be constructed within 25 meters of pollution sources.

WSP

  • The WSP acts as a risk management tool for safe drinking water.
  • It involves strategies for safety, maintenance, and training.

Public Health Intervention Programs for Safe Drinking Water

  • Philippine Clean Water Act (R.A. 9275)
  • Sagana at Ligtas na Tubig sa Lahat (SALINTUBIG) Program
  • Safe Water
  • iWASH Program

Water Supply in the Philippines: Local Situation

  • Majority have access to safe water (78%).
  • The local situation has Majority access to treated water at the household level.
  • However, about 20% do not have access to clean water.

High-Risk Water Sources

  • Unprotected from surface runoff.
  • Collected with unclean containers; may carry microorganisms.
  • Shallow wells are linked to water-borne illnesses and need 25-meter distance.
  • Outbreaks occur with piped systems from biological, chemical, radiological agents, illegal connections, and inadequate treatment.

Is It Safe to Drink Tap Water?

  • Tap water users may still need treatment for pathogens.
  • Water undergoes filtration, sediment and chemical removal, and disinfection, but efficiency varies.

Factors to Maintain

  • Maintain vegetation for surface roughness, infiltration, and flood prevention.

Water-Borne Illness

  • Outbreaks also occur with "supposedly safe" piped water systems.

Water Quality Parameters

  • Mandatory parameters include coliform, arsenic, cadmium, lead, nitrate, color, pH, solids, turbidity, residual disinfectant.
  • Primary parameters are health-significant and site-specific.
  • Secondary parameters affect water acceptability.
  • Emergency parameters enhance response to critical situations.

PNSDW Tests

  • Tested parameters include thermotolerant coliform, arsenic, cadmium, lead, nitrate, color, pH, total dissolved solids, turbidity, and disinfectant residual.

Water-Borne vs. Water-Washed Disease

  • Water-borne are transmitted via ingestion and relates to poor-quality water.
  • Water-washed relates to the quantity of water used for hygiene, like skin and eye infections.

Vectors from Water

  • Water-vectored are spread by insects breeding in or near water, such as diseases like malaria and dengue.

Government Programs for Water Safety

  • Philippine Clean Water Act (R.A. 9275) aims to protect water bodies from pollution.
  • The DENR implements the law with support from other agencies.
  • The SALINTUBIG Program is a priority for waterless municipalities.
  • USAID's SAFE WATER equips local entities for water security.
  • iWASH integrates safe services with multi-stakeholder participation.

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