CBI 7: Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary product of glycolysis?

  • Pyruvate (correct)
  • ATP
  • NAD+
  • Glucose

    • Glycolysis results in an overall net production of four molecules of ATP.

    False

    What two products are formed from NAD+ during glycolysis?

    NADH

    Glycolysis occurs in the __________ of the cell.

    <p>cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which metabolic process is NOT one of the main sets of metabolic processes mentioned?

    <p>Fermentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gluconeogenesis is simply the reverse of glycolysis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many molecules of ATP are produced net from one molecule of glucose during glycolysis?

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following processes with their outcomes:

    <p>Glycolysis = Production of pyruvate Oxidative decarboxylation = Formation of Acetyl-CoA TCA/Krebs cycle = Energy production via electron carriers Oxidative phosphorylation = ATP synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is primarily responsible for ATP production during aerobic respiration?

    <p>Oxidative phosphorylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glycolysis is the only metabolic pathway involved in energy production.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main carbon source for aerobic cellular respiration?

    <p>glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The combustion of glucose produces _____ and _____ as byproducts.

    <p>carbon dioxide, water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following metabolic pathways with their functions:

    <p>Glycolysis = Breakdown of glucose to produce ATP Gluconeogenesis = Synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources TCA Cycle = Oxidation of acetyl CoA for energy production Oxidative Phosphorylation = Production of ATP using the electron transport chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many molecules of carbon dioxide are produced from one molecule of glucose during aerobic respiration?

    <p>6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dysregulation of plasma glucose concentrations can lead to diabetes.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the critical roles of glycolysis in metabolism?

    <p>It converts glucose into pyruvate, producing ATP in the process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the net production of ATP during glycolysis?

    <p>2 ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under anaerobic conditions, pyruvate is converted to ethanol in humans.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is pyruvate converted into during aerobic respiration?

    <p>acetyl-CoA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During fermentation, pyruvate is ultimately converted to __________ in yeast.

    <p>ethanol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following sugars with their components:

    <p>Sucrose = Glucose + Fructose Lactose = Glucose + Galactose Glucose-6-phosphate = Converted from monosaccharides Glycogen = Storage form of glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT true about gluconeogenesis?

    <p>It occurs primarily in muscle tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All disaccharides are converted to glucose-6-phosphate in the glycolysis pathway.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the human body primarily convert pyruvate into during anaerobic respiration?

    <p>lactate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an anabolic process?

    <p>Gluconeogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gluconeogenesis can only start with pyruvate as the substrate.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What compound is formed through the hydrolysis of ATP in the glucose synthesis process?

    <p>1,3-bisphosphoglycerate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary role of glucose in the body is to serve as a source of ______.

    <p>energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components with their roles in energy balance:

    <p>Catabolic reactions = Break down molecules and release energy Anabolic reactions = Require energy to synthesize complex molecules Glycolysis = Breakdown of glucose Gluconeogenesis = Synthesis of glucose from new substrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substrate is NOT a precursor for gluconeogenesis?

    <p>Fructose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Energy homeostasis involves balancing inputs from nutrients and energy expenditure.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the macromolecule used for longer-term energy storage in the liver?

    <p>Glycogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule is produced from dihydroxyacetone phosphate during glycolysis?

    <p>Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The second step of glycolysis is the investment phase.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reaction occurs during the isomerization of dihydroxyacetone phosphate?

    <p>Reversible reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The equilibrium of the isomerization reaction favors the formation of __________.

    <p>glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is produced during the third step of glycolysis, also known as the payoff phase?

    <p>Pyruvate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many molecules of NADH are produced during glycolysis?

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Substrate-level phosphorylation = Transfer of a phosphate group from a molecule to ADP to form ATP Investment phase = Two ATP molecules are consumed Payoff phase = Production of ATP and NADH Glycolysis = Metabolic pathway that converts glucose to pyruvate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hydrolysis of ATP to ADP shifts the equilibrium towards dihydroxyacetone phosphate.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of phosphorylating glucose to glucose-6-phosphate in glycolysis?

    <p>Trapping glucose inside the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes the splitting of glucose-6-phosphate in glycolysis?

    <p>Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate is split to form one molecule of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and one molecule of dihydroxyacetone phosphate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The conversion of pyruvate under anaerobic conditions results in the formation of acetyl-CoA.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reaction is catalyzed by glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH)?

    <p>Oxidation reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under anaerobic conditions, pyruvate gets converted into ______ in the human body.

    <p>lactate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase prevent the formation of a low energy intermediate?

    <p>Formation of a thioester intermediate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of glycolysis with their respective roles:

    <p>Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate = Substrate for oxidation and ATP production Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate = Intermediate in splitting into two 3-carbon molecules Pyruvate = End product of glycolysis ATP = Energy currency generated in glycolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which three steps are effectively irreversible in the glycolysis pathway?

    <p>The first, third, and tenth steps.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    CBI 7: Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis

    • The production of ATP (energy) occurs through connected processes: glycolysis, oxidative decarboxylation, TCA cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.
    • Glycolysis and gluconeogenesis are key metabolic pathways relating to intracellular energy transfer.
    • Glycolysis is a series of steps that break down glucose to produce pyruvate, NADH, and ATP.
    • Gluconeogenesis is the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors.
    • Gluconeogenesis is not simply the reverse of glycolysis, it uses alternative pathways to bypass irreversible reactions in glycolysis.
    • Glucose is the main energy source for the body, especially for the brain.

    Steps in Glycolysis

    • Glycolysis takes place in the cytosol.
    • Glucose is phosphorylated to glucose-6-phosphate which traps glucose inside the cell and activates it for further breakdown.
    • Glycolysis involves 10 enzyme-catalysed reactions and is divided into three main steps, including the investment and payoff phases.
    • Glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate.
    • The reactions produce 2 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvate.

    Fate of Pyruvate

    • Under aerobic conditions, pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA, which enters the TCA cycle.
    • Under anaerobic conditions, pyruvate is converted to lactate (in humans) or ethanol (in yeast/bacteria).

    Gluconeogenesis

    • Gluconeogenesis occurs mainly in the liver and adrenal cortex.
    • The pathway is related to the conversion of non-sugar precursors into glucose, mainly pyruvate.
    • The pathway has to bypass one or more irreversible step of glycolysis.
    • It goes through different pathways to use different precursors, and thus avoid these irreversible steps. This happens through using alternative enzymes.
    • Gluconeogenesis is important in maintaining stable blood glucose levels during prolonged fasting or starvation

    Energy Balance and Regulation

    • Energy balance involves catabolism (releasing energy) and anabolism (requiring energy) reactions that maintain the body's metabolic homeostasis.
    • Blood glucose levels need to be regulated (between 4-8 mM), with both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis playing critical roles.
    • Insulin and glucagon hormones regulate the rate of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis respectively.
    • Fast regulation can be achieved by allosteric inhibition to control the enzymatic activity to avoid glycolysis and gluconeogenesis operating at the same time.
    • Hormone regulation mainly controls the rate at which the enzymes required for these pathways are produced.

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    Related Documents

    CBI 7: Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis 2024/25 PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers key concepts of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, two critical metabolic pathways for energy transfer in cells. Understand the steps involved in glycolysis and how gluconeogenesis synthesizes glucose from non-carbohydrate sources. Test your knowledge on enzyme activities and the overall significance of these pathways in energy metabolism.

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