CBI 7: Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis

A metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose into pyruvate, producing ATP and reducing NAD+ to NADH.

The process of converting pyruvate to acetyl-CoA, releasing carbon dioxide and reducing NAD+ to NADH.

A cyclical series of reactions that oxidizes acetyl-CoA, generating NADH and FADH2, and producing ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation.

The process of transferring electrons from NADH and FADH2 to oxygen, generating a proton gradient, and using this gradient to produce ATP.

The conversion of glucose into pyruvate through a series of enzymatic reactions.

It converts pyruvate into acetyl-CoA, releasing CO2 and generating NADH.

A cyclical series of reactions that oxidizes acetyl-CoA, producing ATP, NADH, and FADH2.

It uses the energy from electron carriers (NADH and FADH2) to generate a proton gradient and ultimately ATP.

The process of generating glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, like pyruvate or amino acids, to maintain blood glucose levels.

The state of balanced energy input and output, where energy intake matches energy expenditure.

A central metabolic pathway that involves a series of reactions in mitochondria, producing ATP and reducing equivalents (NADH and FADH2).

A molecule that serves as the primary energy currency of the cell, providing energy for various cellular processes.

A sugar molecule that is the primary energy source for most cells.

The process of generating ATP through the transfer of electrons from NADH and FADH2 to oxygen.

A metabolic pathway that produces pyruvate, NADH, and ATP from glucose under anaerobic conditions.

The final product of glycolysis, a three-carbon compound. Its fate depends on oxygen availability. Under aerobic conditions, it is converted to acetyl-CoA.

A two-carbon compound formed from pyruvate under aerobic conditions, involving the release of CO2. It enters the Krebs cycle.

The process of glucose breakdown in the absence of oxygen, producing either ethanol or lactate.

A process where pyruvate is converted to ethanol, mainly carried out by yeast and some microorganisms.

A process where pyruvate is converted to lactate, occurring in human muscles during intense exercise.

The balance between anabolic and catabolic reactions in the body, ensuring a steady flow of energy.

Reactions that require energy to build complex molecules from smaller subunits.

Reactions that break down complex molecules into smaller subunits, releasing energy.

The level of glucose in the blood.

The process of adding a phosphate group to a molecule.

A compound that traps glucose within the cell.

The splitting of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate.

The enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate.

The condition of having low blood glucose levels.

The condition of having high blood glucose levels.

The product of anaerobic pyruvate conversion in humans, generating energy in the absence of oxygen.

Reactions in glycolysis with a large negative change in Gibbs free energy, making them essentially irreversible under physiological conditions.

Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is converted into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) by an enzyme. This reaction is crucial for glycolysis as it ensures that both products of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate cleavage can enter the glycolytic pathway.

The equilibrium of the reaction that converts DHAP to G3P is shifted towards G3P due to the continuous consumption of G3P in subsequent steps of glycolysis. This means that as G3P gets used up, the reaction keeps producing more of it to maintain a steady supply.

The "payoff phase" of glycolysis begins with the conversion of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) into pyruvate, which is the final product of this metabolic pathway. This step is crucial as it generates the energy that makes glycolysis a profitable process.

Substrate-level phosphorylation is a process where ATP is directly synthesized from a high-energy substrate molecule, without the involvement of an electron transport chain or proton gradient. This occurs in glycolysis when a phosphate group is transferred from an intermediate molecule to ADP.

Glycolysis, a series of reactions that break down glucose into pyruvate, results in a net gain of 2 ATP and 2 NADH molecules. This energy is crucial for the cell's survival and is further harnessed through oxidative phosphorylation.

The first phase of glycolysis, known as the investment phase, utilizes two ATP molecules to activate glucose. This investment is necessary to prepare glucose for the following energy-producing steps.