Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis Overview

The metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose into pyruvate, producing ATP.

A simple sugar that serves as a primary energy source in organisms.

Adenosine triphosphate; the primary energy currency of cells.

The metabolic pathway that produces glucose from non-carbohydrate sources.

A metabolic pathway that produces NADPH and pentoses (5-carbon sugars) as well as precursor molecules.

Alternative name for Glycolysis

A multistep biochemical process that breaks down glucose into two pyruvate molecules, generating ATP and NADH.

The initial phase of glycolysis where glucose is activated, requiring energy input.

The second phase of glycolysis where glucose is cleaved, and energy is harvested.

Energy needed to initiate a chemical reaction, like breaking a C-C bond in glucose.

Adenosine triphosphate, a high-energy molecule that stores and releases energy for cellular processes.

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme that carries electrons during metabolic reactions.

A 3-carbon molecule produced at the end of glycolysis.

A 6-carbon sugar that is the initial substrate of glycolysis.

A key step in glycolysis that is effectively one way.

Enzyme that catalyzes the first step of glycolysis.

Glucose Transporter, that transports glucose into the cell.

Enzyme that converts glucose to glucose-6-phosphate in glycolysis

Enzyme that converts fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

Enzyme that converts phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate in glycolysis

A genetic defect in glycolytic enzymes; Pyruvate Kinase deficiency is the most common.

Metabolites control glycolysis speed via enzyme interactions

A metabolite that increases the activity of glycolytic enzymes

A metabolite that decreases the activity of glycolytic enzymes

Different carbohydrate sources (mono- and disaccharides) feed into the glycolysis pathway

Degradation of glycogen (a storage form of glucose) where it splits off glucose-1-phosphate.

A metabolic pathway that produces NADPH and pentoses, crucial for cellular processes and antioxidant protection.

A crucial coenzyme involved in reducing oxidative stress and essential for various cellular functions.

Harmful condition caused by an imbalance of reactive oxygen molecules in cells; NADPH helps combat this.

A crucial antioxidant that helps protect cells from oxidative damage by reducing oxygen molecules.

An enzyme that converts harmful hydrogen peroxide into water using reduced glutathione.

The active, reduced form of glutathione that participates in neutralizing harmful reactive oxygen species.

Enzyme that regenerates reduced glutathione from oxidized glutathione, recycling the antioxidant.

High concentration of NADPH in the cell diminishes the activity of the HMP.

An alternative metabolic pathway that converts glucose to sorbitol, bypassing glycolysis.

In uncontrolled diabetes, sorbitol accumulates in cells of the lens, nerves, and kidneys due to lack of sorbitol dehydrogenase and insulin independency for glucose entry.

Glucose is a primary energy source, metabolized through multiple pathways including glycolysis.

Glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, pentose phosphate pathway, and the polyol pathway are central to glucose metabolism.

Organisms use glucose for energy production and storage, employing various metabolic pathways.

A multi-step pathway breaking down glucose into pyruvate, generating ATP and NADH.

Pyruvate can be used for various processes like cellular respiration, fermentation, or the synthesis of other molecules.

Glycolysis speed is controlled by activators and inhibitors, ensuring proper energy production.

The process of producing glucose from non-carbohydrate sources.

A metabolic pathway generating NADPH and pentoses (5-carbon sugars).

Galactose is converted to glucose-1-phosphate using UDP-galactose and UDP-glucose.

Genetic defects in enzymes involved in galactose metabolism, causing various severities of galactosemia.

Glucose consumption increases rapidly when oxygen is absent.

Tumors lacking enough oxygen due to insufficient blood vessels; consume glucose 10-15 times faster than normal tissues.

Modified glucose molecule used to monitor glucose consumption in vivo and detect malignancies.

Pyruvate regenerates NAD+ in the absence of oxygen via fermentation processes (e.g., alcohol fermentation in yeast or lactate fermentation in animals).

Leads to Beri-beri (severe symptoms including lethargy, swelling, and potentially death).

Synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors.

These pathways share some enzymatic steps but have different irreversible steps that must be bypassed.

Oxaloacetate produced in mitochondria is transported to the cytoplasm via malate, then reconverted to oxaloacetate.

Conversion of Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate to Fructose 6-phosphate by Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase.

Enzyme found in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of specific cells, responsible for the final step in the production of free glucose by Gluconeogenesis.

Metabolism of glucose 6-phosphate to produce ribose 5-phosphate (for nucleic acids) and NADPH (reducing power).

A phase that recycles pentose phosphates from the oxidative branch back into glucose 6-phosphate.

The relative amount of NADPH produced in the pentose phosphate pathway determines whether glucose 6-phosphate moves towards nucleic acid synthesis or glycolysis.