Cavite Mutiny (1872): Key Details & Aftermath

Cavite Mutiny (January 20, 1872)

• A Filipino military personnel uprising at Fort San Felipe, Cavite
• It ignited the Filipino sense of nationhood, leading to the Philippine Revolution in 1896
• Led to the martyrdom of GomBurZa: Mariano Gomez, Jose Apolonio Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora executed on February 17, 1872

Mutiny Definition

• Open rebellion against proper authorities, especially by soldiers or sailors
• Refusal to obey authority
• Revolt to oppose, change, or remove superiors or their orders
• Insubordination by military members against an officer

Cavite Mutiny (1872) Details

• 200 Filipino troops and workers believed it would elevate to a national uprising
• Became excuse for Spanish repression of the embryonic Philippine nationalist movement
• Spanish authorities' harsh reaction promoted the nationalist cause

Aftermath

• The mutiny was quickly crushed
• Governor Rafael de Izquierdo magnified the incident, clamping down on Filipinos seeking government reform
• Filipino intellectuals were seized and accused of complicity, resulting in trials and executions
• Three priests—José Burgos, Jacinto Zamora, and Mariano Gómez, were publicly executed
• The three priests became martyrs for Philippine independence

Causes of Cavite Mutiny

• Removal of privileges like exemption from tribute
• Forced labor (Polo y Servicio)
• Influenced by liberal and nationalist movements in Europe

Two Major Events in 1872

• The Cavite Mutiny
• Martyrdom of Fathers Mariano Gomes, Jose Burgos and Jacinto Zamora (GOMBURZA), awakening nationalism

1872 Cavite Mutiny: Differing Perspectives

• Spanish perspective of injustice
• Filipino perspective of response to injustice

Spaniards' Version of the Cavite Mutiny

• Spanish Historian Jose Montero y Vidal wrote about it in Historia General de Filipinas
• Dr. T.H. Pardo de Tavera considered it biased, with Vidal speaking as a Spaniard perverting the facts
• Vidal overstated the mutiny of dissatisfied soldiers and laborers into a revolt to bring down Spanish rule, implicating patriots like Gomburza
• Rafael Izquierdo assumed government control on April 4, 1871, with the Cavite Revolt in 1872 being the most eventful episode in his rule
• Abolition of privileges enjoyed by Cavite arsenal laborers, including tribute exemption, caused the insurrection, according to Vidal

Other Factors

• The Spanish revolution dethroned a secular throne
• democratic and republican books and pamphlets
• Speeches and preachings of new ideas in Spain
• Outburst of American publicists
• Criminal policy of the senseless Governor

Early 1872

• Authorities received anonymous communications about a great uprising against the Spaniards
• Conspiracy existed since La Torre's days with utmost secrecy
• Principal leaders met at the house of Filipino Spaniard D. Joaquin Pardo de Tavera, or in that of native priest Jacinto Zamora
• The garrison of Manila, composed mostly of native soldiers, and civilians were involved in the conspiracy

The Plot

• Soldiers to assassinate officers, servants, masters, and escort of the Captain-General at Malacañang. The government would be disposed of
• Firing rockets from the walls of the city would be the pre-concerted signal between Cavite and Manila
• Uprising was to break out on the evening of January 20, 1872, but was a dismal failure due to certain circumstances

Night of January 20th

• In the Sampaloc district, the fiesta of the patron Saint, Virgin of Loreto, was being celebrated
• Fireworks were displayed and rockets fired into the air
• Cavite mistook these for the signal to revolt, and 200 native soldiers led by Sergeant La Madrid rose up in arms and assassinated the commander, wounding his wife
• D. Fernando Rojas tried to inform Manila authorities, the natives killed the two Spaniards sent
• D. Domingo Mijares informed the commandant of marine of what happened
• Jose Burgos, Jacinto Zamora , Mariano Gomez, Antonio Maria Regidor, Joaquin Pardo de Tavera, Pedro Carillo, Gervasio Sanchez and Jose Mauricio de Leon, Enrique Paraiso, Jose and Pio Basa, Crisanto Reyes, Maximo Paterno and several other Filipinos instigated the insurrection

Executions and Suspensions

• Filipino priests sentenced to die by strangulation were D. JoseBurgos, D. Jacinto Zamora and D. Mariano Gomes and Francisco Saldua
• Gomez was executed first, then Zamora, then Burgos, and lastly, Saldua on the 17th of February. The date was the 5th of February 1872
• They suspended Jose Basay Enriquez, Joaquin Parde de tavera, Antonio ma. Regidor, Pedro Carillo, Gervasio Sanchez and Jose Mauricio de Leon from the practice of law on April 3, 1872

Izquierdo's Response

• Troops were sent to Manila for defense
• Government dissolved the native regiment of artillery
• Created an artillery force of exclusively Peninsulares under the decree of April 4, 1872
• Peninsulares were individuals born in Spain, they moved to the Spanish colonies
• They held a privileged position in colonial society, occupying high-ranking governmental, military, and ecclesiastical positions

Gov. Izquierdo's Report of 1872 Cavite Mutiny

• General Rafael Izquierdo reported to the Spanish Ministry of War on January 23, 1872
• He blamed the native clergy, scholars, Manila residents, and neighboring provinces as instigators
• Referred to the Cavite Mutiny as an “insurrection", "uprising" and a revolution"
• "...it seems that the insurrection was motivated and prepared by the native clergy, by the mestizos and native lawyers, and by those known here as abogadillos.”
• Izquierdo's report stated that the plan was to initiate the revolution by setting fire to the district of Tondo
• The artillery regiment would seize Fort Santiago, but the rebels signaled by means of lanterns that the vigilance of (Spanish) navy failed

Filipinos' Version of the Cavite Mutiny of 1872

• Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera called it a mutiny by Filipino soldiers and laborers led to dissatisfaction with removal of privileges
• Tavera blamed Governor General Izquierdo's harsh policies like the abolition of their privileges, from the yearly tribute and rendering forced labor
• On the night of January 20, 1872, a bloody incident occured when some soldiers, labourers and residents assassinated. the Commanding officer and some Spanish officials
• "The arrival of General Izquierdo was the signal for a complete change in the aspect of affairs..he once announced that he intended to govern the people 'with a crucifix in one hand and a sword in the other."
• Prohibiting school arts and trades' founding
• Believing the school was a pretext for organizing a political club
• Offered support to ex-Governor La Torre were suspected
• The workmen affected and working at Cavite went on strike due to Governor Izquierdo's belief of the time opportune for abolishing these privileges

Mutiny Details

• On the night of January 20, 1872, uprising among soldiers in the San Felipe fort
• Forty marines attached to the arsenal and 22 artillerymen under Sergeant La Madrid (Fernando La Madrid) took part in the uprising
• Best known Filipinos were denounced to military authorities with Burgos, Zamora , and Gomez opposing the friars in the litigation over the curacies in the province
• A careful study of history and documents shows results of revolution to strengthen religious power
• Filipino wanted to secure material and educational advancement
• The instigators protested against the injustice of the government in not paying the province for their tobacco crop
• and against the usury against crop owners
• It's undetermined if the planned to establish a monarchy or republic because the Indios have no word to describe

Account of Edmund Plauchut

• Plauchut traced the cause to Governor-General Izquierdo, exacting taxes
• Filipino laborers were required to perform forced labor.
• These workers had been enjoying exemptions from both taxes and forced labor
• January 20, the day of the revolt, was payday and deducted labour taxes
• Forty infantry soldiers and twenty men from the artillery took command of Fort San Felipe
• It was a short-lived victory when support for Manila was expected
• Governor-General Carlos de la Torre subjected the soldiers of the Engineering and Artillery Corps to personal taxes
• The mutiny was sparked to taxes as from the earnings
• "revolution" included a Spanish revolution, democratic books. Spanish friars were "conspired and supported" the revolution

The Aftermath

• Some Filipino soldiers were disarmed and exiled
• Mutineers were arrested and the colonial government to implicate three priests
• These executions had a significant effect on people because of the shadowy nature of the trials
• Jose Rizal's brother Paciano would dedicate his work to the trials
• On January 27, 1872, Governor-General Izquierdo approved the death death sentences
• Those sentenced were commuted to life
• Others were exiled or created insurgency
• Spanish Colonial employed the Filipino in civil forces

Definitions

• Mutiny - Passive resistance to lawful authority; to rise against or refuse to obey or observe authority
• Tribute - refers to a form of payment or tax imposed by one state or ruler on another, often as a sign of submission
• Falla - payment of one and a half (1 ½) reales for the males who want to avoid polo y servicio
• Polo Y Service (forced labor) – individuals are compelled to work against their will, often under threat of punishment, coercion, or violence
• Revolution – the overthrow or renunciation of one government or ruler and the substitution of another bythe governed; an activity or movement designed to effect fundamental changes in the socioeconomicsituation
• Uprising - a usually localized act of popular violence in defiance usually of an established government
• Insurrection – an act or instance of revolting against civil authority or an established government

Conflicts and Controversies of the Cry

• Date and venue of the first cry is thought to take place is what so called Cry took place in Pugar Lawin or Bantawak
• Include: Pio Valenzuela’s Controversial “Cry of Pugad Lawin, Santiago Alvarez’s “The Cry of Toro”, Gregoria de Jesus’ version of the “First Cry" and Guillermo Masangkay’s "Cry of Balintawak"
• Pio Valenzuela account says the event happened in Balintawak but later changed it to Pangad Lawin
• This account did not speak of views exchanged in meetings until it was debated and adopted in Pugad Lawin
• Other certificates "Long live the Phillipines!"
• This version was in Torro, Alvarez who was son married to a wife of Bonaficio, unlike the auother who was an eye witness event on the 23rd.
• Bonifacio was to lead inside a barn and the meeting was to hold to the voice, Mabuhay
• Lacmbini of the the KKK was know for secret documents. They fled to Manila to arrest, with uprising in Aug 25.
• Contradicts in all the versions

Cry of Balintawak

• Masangkay also saw it happened at Balintawak
• Big meeting held with Arueda where Jacinto was
• Said that they did not have food and this may cause rich to not be in KKK.
• Bonaficio did ask the people what they said with revolts
• Pledges of cedulas torn of the seperation
• Protests from these members led and what was dicided
• Debate regarding site of mass
• Is it in Limsawa or not? It is debated with biased sources

15th Century

• The spice and gold competition was getting more intense
• Discovered watercape
• Pope did not want war so split it up
• This led to the finest Besh
• But spain wanted it to be luxurious that they can afford and trade spices
• Now what could equal money? More spices
• They race to go to Molouca
• Now their soutions were more Americas and the west for control

Expeditions

• Expeditions that had passes to make water flow, and calmer with the world
• A man hated by crew for mutioned
• People died to travel and they were isalnd stealing or loot
• Samur for weeks
• Natives met Malacaca to talk and it indicates he may complete it

Christianization

• Men began to put crosses for sprain land
• It's easter sunday for mass
• It was in Magallenes in southern Letye
• In Northe monument will erect
• Historacle committee
• Not sure if it could mark or the original
• It removed the stone to start here.
• Present more from
• In 1523 surviors told to land here
• Lacks a letter
• It will be 4 to start will
• Distances to find the land
• What does it look like
• Mass also occured at Albo and Alabahan.