Causes of Nephrotic Syndrome in Adults and Glomerular Lesions

Renal colic, hematuria, and recurrent stone formation.

Glomerular, Tubular, Interstitial, Vascular.

Endogenous (as in SLE) or Exogenous (bacterial, viral, parasitic, spirochetal infections) or Unknown.

<p>Activation of the complement system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anti-GBM antibody GN.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antibodies to visceral epithelial cell antigens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Progression to end-stage renal failure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Massive proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, generalized edema, hyperlipidemia, and lipiduria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Minimal-Change Disease (MCD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Focal and Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Selective proteinuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>IgA nephropathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>GBM thickening and proliferation of glomerular cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diabetes, Amyloidosis, SLE</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Caused by circulating immune complexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hematuria, Oliguria with azotemia, Hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deposition of IgA in the mesangium</p> Signup and view all the answers

<ol> <li>Rapidly progressive loss of renal function. 2. Nephritic syndrome. 3. Severe oliguria. 4. Death from renal failure within weeks to months if untreated</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Discrete, yellowish, raised abscesses on the renal surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Through the bloodstream or from the lower urinary tract (ascending infection)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Properties of both the urothelium and the offending bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bacterial adhesion to the urethral urothelium and gaining access to the bladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Due to factors facilitating entry of bacteria to the bladder such as short urethra and close proximity of the urethra to the rectum</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Incomplete bladder emptying and increased residual volume of urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elevation of blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

<ol> <li>Pre-renal azotemia, 2. Renal azotemia, 3. Post-renal azotemia</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Azotemia associated with biochemical and systemic clinicopathological alterations</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heavy proteinuria, hypo-albuminemia, severe edema, hyperlipidemia, lipiduria</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acute onset of gross hematuria, mild to moderate proteinuria, azotemia, edema, hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Manifestation of mild glomerular abnormalities</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Recent onset of oliguria or anuria with azotemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prolonged symptoms and signs of uremia</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bacteriuria and pyuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased incidence of transitional-cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis or bladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acute renal failure due to necrosis of tubular epithelial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hereditary, Developmental but nonhereditary, Acquired disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acute DIN and Analgesic Nephropathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Multiple expanding cysts of both kidneys that destroy the intervening parenchyma</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased urine concentration of the stone's constituents (supersaturation)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Calcium oxalate, Calcium oxalate mixed with calcium phosphate, Magnesium ammonium phosphate, Uric acid, Cystine</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acute nephritic syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nephrotic syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acute renal failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prolonged symptoms and signs of uremia</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Multiple cysts in both kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Minimal-Change Disease (MCD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>P-fimbriae and type 1 fimbriae</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deposition of IgA immune complexes in the mesangium</p> Signup and view all the answers

<ol> <li>Endogenous antigens (e.g., in SLE) 2. Exogenous antigens (e.g., bacterial, viral, parasitic infections) 3. Unknown antigens (e.g., membranous nephropathy)</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Activation of complement, recruitment of neutrophils and monocytes, release of proteases, oxygen-derived free radicals, and arachidonic acid metabolites.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anti-GBM antibody GN (Goodpasture syndrome)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Massive proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, generalized edema, hyperlipidemia, and lipiduria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Renal colic, hematuria, recurrent stone formation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Effacement of podocyte foot processes associated with proteinuria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduction in GFR, progression to end-stage renal failure, development of proteinuria, and glomerulosclerosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glomerular, Tubular, Interstitial, Vascular.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Due to a T-cell derived factor that causes podocyte damage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Minimal-Change Disease (MCD).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Types include primary (idiopathic) FSGS and secondary FSGS seen with various conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Infections, malignancy, autoimmune diseases, exposure to inorganic salts, and certain drugs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>GBM thickening and proliferation of glomerular cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Clinical complex with acute onset, hematuria, oliguria with azotemia, and hypertension.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Associated with streptococcal infection, immune complex deposition, and low serum complement levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deposition of IgA in the mesangium activating the alternative complement pathway.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Drugs act as haptens that bind to a cytoplasmic or extracellular component of the secreting tubular cells and become immunogenic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acute DIN is due to drugs acting as haptens causing immunogenicity, while Analgesic Nephropathy is due to the intake of large quantities of analgesics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The renal vasculature is secondarily involved in almost all kidney diseases, various forms of systemic arteritis involve renal vessels, and the kidney plays a role in hypertension pathogenesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ADPKD is characterized by multiple expanding cysts of both kidneys that ultimately destroy the intervening parenchyma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The majority of renal stones (80%) are composed of either Calcium oxalate or Calcium oxalate mixed with calcium phosphate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased urine concentration of the stone's constituents (supersaturation) is the most important cause of calcium stones formation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cystic kidney diseases are important as they are common, often present diagnostic challenges, and can be a major cause of chronic renal failure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deposition of IgA in the mesangium</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Purpuric rash, abdominal pain, arthritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rapidly progressive loss of renal function, nephritic syndrome, severe oliguria, death from renal failure if untreated</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Symmetrically contracted kidneys with red-brown surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inflammatory diseases involving the interstitium and tubules</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bacteria reach the kidneys through the bloodstream or ascending infection, leading to inflammation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Due to factors facilitating bacterial entry to the bladder, such as short urethra and proximity to rectum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bacterial adhesion to urothelium and access to bladder, followed by outflow obstruction and urine stasis.</p> Signup and view all the answers