Causes of Nationalism in Europe

Study Notes

French Revolution: The ideas of liberty, equality, and fraternity inspired many Europeans to seek independence and self-governance.
Napoleonic Wars: Napoleon's conquests and reorganization of Europe led to a sense of national identity and resistance against foreign rule.
Romanticism: The emphasis on emotion, folklore, and cultural heritage fueled nationalist sentiments and a desire for independence.

National Identity: Emphasis on shared history, language, culture, and ethnicity to define a nation.
Self-Determination: The right of a nation to govern itself and make its own decisions.
Unification: The desire to unify disparate territories and groups under a single national identity.

German Unification: The movement to unite the various German states into a single nation, led by Otto von Bismarck.
Italian Unification: The movement to unite the various Italian states into a single nation, led by Giuseppe Garibaldi and Camillo di Cavour.
Greek Independence: The struggle for independence from the Ottoman Empire, led by Alexandros Ypsilantis.
Polish Nationalism: The movement to regain independence and unity after the partitions of Poland by Russia, Prussia, and Austria.

Rise of New Nations: The creation of new nation-states, such as Germany and Italy, and the re-emergence of old ones, such as Poland and Greece.
Redrawing of Borders: The redrawing of European borders, leading to conflicts and tensions between nations.
Rise of Imperialism: The competition for colonies and resources, leading to the "Scramble for Africa" and other imperialist ventures.

Otto von Bismarck: The German chancellor who united Germany through a series of wars and diplomatic maneuvers.
Giuseppe Garibaldi: The Italian revolutionary who led the movement for Italian unification.
Camillo di Cavour: The Italian statesman who played a key role in Italian unification.
Congress of Vienna: The 1815 conference that redrew the European map and established the balance of power.
Revolution of 1848: The wave of revolutions across Europe, driven by nationalist and liberal sentiments.

French Revolution's ideas of liberty, equality, and fraternity inspired Europeans to seek independence and self-governance, contributing to the rise of nationalism.
Napoleon's conquests and reorganization of Europe during the Napoleonic Wars led to a sense of national identity and resistance against foreign rule.
Romanticism's emphasis on emotion, folklore, and cultural heritage fueled nationalist sentiments and a desire for independence.

National identity was emphasized through shared history, language, culture, and ethnicity to define a nation.
Self-determination was a core principle, recognizing a nation's right to govern itself and make its own decisions.
Unification was a key goal, where disparate territories and groups were united under a single national identity.

German Unification, led by Otto von Bismarck, united various German states into a single nation.
Italian Unification, led by Giuseppe Garibaldi and Camillo di Cavour, unified various Italian states into a single nation.
Greek Independence, led by Alexandros Ypsilantis, fought for independence from the Ottoman Empire.
Polish Nationalism aimed to regain independence and unity after the partitions of Poland by Russia, Prussia, and Austria.

New nation-states emerged, such as Germany and Italy, and old ones re-emerged, like Poland and Greece.
European borders were redrawn, leading to conflicts and tensions between nations.
Imperialism rose, with nations competing for colonies and resources, as seen in the "Scramble for Africa" and other ventures.

Otto von Bismarck, German chancellor, united Germany through wars and diplomatic maneuvers.
Giuseppe Garibaldi, Italian revolutionary, led the movement for Italian unification.
Camillo di Cavour, Italian statesman, played a key role in Italian unification.
The Congress of Vienna (1815) redrew the European map and established the balance of power.
The Revolution of 1848, a wave of revolutions across Europe, was driven by nationalist and liberal sentiments.