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Questions and Answers
What was the main difference in landholding patterns between Western and Eastern Europe?
What was the main characteristic of Eastern and Central Europe in the mid-eighteenth century?
What was the significance of the year 1848?
What was the common language spoken by the aristocracy for purposes of diplomacy and high society?
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What was the main driving force behind the growth of towns and the emergence of commercial classes?
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What bound the diverse groups together in the Habsburg Empire?
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What was the social group that emerged in Central and Eastern Europe only in the late nineteenth century?
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What can be inferred about the peoples living within the territories of the Habsburg Empire?
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What did the ideology of liberalism stand for, according to the new middle classes?
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What was the dominant class on the continent in the mid-eighteenth century?
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Study Notes
Pre-Nation-State Europe
- In mid-18th century Europe, there were no nation-states as we know them today.
- Germany, Italy, and Switzerland were divided into kingdoms, duchies, and cantons with autonomous territories.
Diverse Regions and Peoples
- Eastern and Central Europe were under autocratic monarchies with diverse peoples living within their territories.
- These people did not share a collective identity or common culture, spoke different languages, and belonged to different ethnic groups.
The Habsburg Empire
- The Habsburg Empire, which ruled over Austria-Hungary, was a patchwork of many different regions and peoples.
- It included the Alpine regions, Bohemia, Italian-speaking provinces of Lombardy and Venetia, and Hungary with its diverse languages and ethnic groups.
Social Classes
- The aristocracy was the dominant class on the continent, united by a common way of life that cut across regional divisions.
- The majority of the population was made up of the peasantry, with tenants and small owners in the west, and vast estates with serfs in Eastern and Central Europe.
Important Dates
- 1797: Napoleon invades Italy, Napoleonic wars begin.
- 1814-1815: Fall of Napoleon, Vienna Peace Settlement.
- 1821: Greek struggle for independence begins.
- 1848: Revolutions in Europe, demands for constitutions and representative governments, and nation-states.
Nationalism and Unification
- Unification of Italy: 1859-1870.
- Unification of Germany: 1866-1871.
- 1905: Slav nationalism gathers force in the Habsburg and Ottoman Empires.
Industrialization and New Social Groups
- Industrialization began in England in the second half of the 18th century, and later in France and parts of the German states in the 19th century.
- New social groups emerged: a working-class population, and middle classes made up of industrialists, businessmen, professionals.
Liberal Nationalism
- Ideas of national unity were closely allied to the ideology of liberalism.
- Liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and the abolition of aristocratic privileges.
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Description
Learn about the formation of nationalism in 18th century Europe, where kingdoms, duchies, and cantons ruled autonomous territories and diverse peoples lived under autocratic monarchies.
