The Age of Revolution: Nationalism and Liberalism

The Age of Revolution

Nationalism

• Emerged as a major force in Europe during the late 18th and early 19th centuries
• Based on the idea that a nation is a unique cultural, linguistic, and historical entity that deserves autonomy and self-governance
• Key features:
  • Emphasis on national identity and unity
  • Demand for independent statehood
  • Celebration of national culture and history
  • Often accompanied by xenophobia and racism

Liberalism

• Emerged as a response to the French Revolution and the Enlightenment
• Core principles:
  • Individual rights and freedoms
  • Limited government power
  • Free market economy
  • Protection of private property
  • Emphasis on reason and progress
• Key figures:
  • John Locke
  • Adam Smith
  • Immanuel Kant

Conservatism

• Emerged as a response to the French Revolution and the Enlightenment
• Core principles:
  • Preservation of traditional social hierarchies and institutions
  • Limited government intervention in economy
  • Protection of private property
  • Emphasis on authority and tradition
• Key figures:
  • Edmund Burke
  • Joseph de Maistre

Industrialization

• Transition from manual labor to machine-based manufacturing
• Key features:
  • Development of new technologies and factories
  • Growth of urban centers and industrial cities
  • Increased productivity and efficiency
  • Creation of new social classes (e.g., industrialists, workers)
• Impact on society:
  • Changes in family structure and social relationships
  • Growth of poverty and inequality
  • Emergence of new social and political movements

Socialism

• Emerged as a response to the social and economic conditions of industrialization
• Core principles:
  • Collective ownership of the means of production
  • Redistribution of wealth and resources
  • Emphasis on social equality and justice
  • Critique of capitalism and private property
• Key figures:
  • Charles Fourier
  • Robert Owen
  • Karl Marx
  • Friedrich Engels

Nationalism

• Emerged as a major force in Europe during the late 18th and early 19th centuries
• Based on the idea that a nation is a unique cultural, linguistic, and historical entity that deserves autonomy and self-governance
• Key features:
  • Emphasis on national identity and unity
  • Demand for independent statehood
  • Celebration of national culture and history
  • Often accompanied by xenophobia and racism

Liberalism

• Emerged as a response to the French Revolution and the Enlightenment
• Core principles:
  • Individual rights and freedoms
  • Limited government power
  • Free market economy
  • Protection of private property
  • Emphasis on reason and progress
• Key figures:
  • John Locke
  • Adam Smith
  • Immanuel Kant

Conservatism

• Emerged as a response to the French Revolution and the Enlightenment
• Core principles:
  • Preservation of traditional social hierarchies and institutions
  • Limited government intervention in economy
  • Protection of private property
  • Emphasis on authority and tradition
• Key figures:
  • Edmund Burke
  • Joseph de Maistre

Industrialization

• Transition from manual labor to machine-based manufacturing
• Key features:
  • Development of new technologies and factories
  • Growth of urban centers and industrial cities
  • Increased productivity and efficiency
  • Creation of new social classes (e.g., industrialists, workers)
• Impact on society:
  • Changes in family structure and social relationships
  • Growth of poverty and inequality
  • Emergence of new social and political movements

Socialism

• Emerged as a response to the social and economic conditions of industrialization
• Core principles:
  • Collective ownership of the means of production
  • Redistribution of wealth and resources
  • Emphasis on social equality and justice
  • Critique of capitalism and private property
• Key figures:
  • Charles Fourier
  • Robert Owen
  • Karl Marx
  • Friedrich Engels