58 Questions
Which of the following is NOT a hallmark of asthma?
Chronic bronchial inflammation with basophils
What is one possible explanation for the increased incidence of asthma in the Western world?
Decreased exposure to infectious organisms
When do the structural changes in the bronchial wall associated with airway remodeling occur?
Several years before initiation of symptoms
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of asthma?
Intermittent shortness of breath
What is the main difference between bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?
Airway obstruction is reversible in asthma but not in COPD
When are asthma symptoms often worse?
At night or early in the morning
How does asthma differ from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?
Asthma is more common in children than in adults, whereas COPD affects primarily adults.
What is the primary characteristic of airway obstruction in asthma?
Airway obstruction is reversible with bronchodilators.
How does asthma typically progress as children grow?
Symptoms improve gradually over time.
Which statement accurately reflects the global burden of bronchial asthma?
Bronchial asthma is the most common chronic condition among children globally.
Where do more than 80% of asthma-related deaths occur?
Low and middle-income countries
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of asthma?
Bronchial inflammation
What is the primary characteristic of airway obstruction in asthma?
Airway hyperactivity
Which of the following is NOT a potent chemoattractant and activator of eosinophils in asthma?
Basophils
What is one of the main characteristics of asthma related to the airways?
Hyper-responsiveness to stimuli
How does airflow obstruction in asthma typically respond to treatment?
It improves and becomes reversible after bronchodilator therapy.
Which cell types and substances are involved in the bronchial inflammation seen in asthma?
T-lymphocytes, neutrophils, and cytokines
What is the effect of bronchial inflammation in asthma?
It leads to mucus secretion, clogging the airways.
Which of the following is a hallmark of bronchial asthma?
Positive family history of atopy/allergy
What is the proposed link between the 'hygiene hypothesis' and asthma prevalence in developed countries?
Decreased exposure to allergens
Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is associated with bronchial asthma?
Type 1 IgE mediated hypersensitivity
Which diagnostic test is commonly used to assess allergic sensitization in individuals with bronchial asthma?
Skin-prick test
Which condition is often preceded by allergic rhinitis and eczema, forming the "atopic triad"?
Bronchial asthma
Which of the following triggers is NOT commonly associated with non-atopic asthma?
Allergen sensitisation
Which of the following is NOT a common trigger for bronchial asthma?
Antibiotics
Which diagnostic test is usually negative in individuals with non-atopic asthma?
Skin-prick test
Which of the following medications can potentially induce non-atopic asthma?
NSAIDs
What role does a sensitive IgE atopic immune response play in the "Hygiene Hypothesis"?
It causes an overreaction to offending pathogens/ foreign bodies.
What is the potential consequence of a 'too clean' environment on the immune system?
Increased sensitivity to IgE atopic immune response
Why is the prevalence of asthma higher in developed countries compared to developing countries?
Lack of pathogen exposure during childhood
Which cells release cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 in atopic asthma?
T-helper 2 (TH2) lymphocytes
Which cells are activated by IL-5 in asthma?
Eosinophils
Which cells release granule contents and mediators in asthma?
Mast cells
Which cytokines released by TH2 lymphocytes stimulate IgE production?
Interleukin-4 (IL-4) and Interleukin-13 (IL-13)
Which cytokine released by TH2 lymphocytes stimulates mucus production?
Interleukin-13 (IL-13)
Which chemical mediators are involved in triggering the immediate phase reaction in asthma?
Histamines, prostaglandin D2, and leukotrienes
Which cells release mediators and granule contents in asthma?
Mast cells
The early (immediate) phase reaction in asthma occurs within minutes of exposure to:
Allergens
What role do reflex neural pathways play in bronchoconstriction during the early phase reaction?
They constrict smooth muscles.
Which phase of the immune response occurs within minutes of antigen exposure in asthma?
Immediate phase reaction
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic feature of the early (immediate) phase reaction in asthma?
Decreased vascular permeability
Which type of leucocytes are recruited to the site of reaction during the late phase reaction in asthma?
Eosinophils, neutrophils, basophils, lymphocytes and monocytes
Which chemokine is a potent chemoattractant and activator of eosinophils in asthma?
Eotaxin
What are the primary cells recruited by chemokines in asthma?
T-helper 2 (TH2) lymphocytes
Which of the following is NOT the characteristic feature of airway remodelling in asthma?
Thinning of airway smooth muscle
What do Charcot-Leyden crystals in the mucus of asthma patients consist of?
Crystalloids made of eosinophil protein galectin-10
What is the effect of factors released from eosinophils during the late phase reaction in asthma?
Damage to the bronchial epithelium
When does the remodeling of the airways in asthma become irreversible?
When fibrosis and scarring occur
What is the consequence of the airway remodeling in asthma on the effectiveness of medications?
Medications become less effective.
What is the primary composition of Charcot-Leyden Crystals found in asthma?
Eosinophil granules
What is the consequence of Curschmann Spirals in asthma?
Block gas exchange and medication
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of bronchial asthma?
Fatigue
What is a key feature of the episodes in bronchial asthma?
They are recurrent with remissions in between
Which of the following is NOT a requirement for considering a patient as suspected asthma?
Presence of crackles on auscultation
Which of the following is the gold standard measurement to assess responsiveness to bronchodilator treatment?
Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR)
What percentage improvement in peak flow rate between pre and post treatment indicates responsiveness to bronchodilator treatment?
12%
What is the primary trigger for acute exacerbation of bronchial asthma?
Upper Respiratory Tract Infection (URTI)
What is an acute exacerbation of bronchial asthma (AEBA) characterized by?
Flare-ups of underlying asthma triggered by specific factors
Test your knowledge on the causes and risk factors of bronchial asthma, including atopy, allergy, and type 1 IgE mediated hypersensitivity. Learn about the role of allergens like dust, mites, and pollen, as well as the connection between allergic rhinitis and eczema. Explore the genetic and familial aspects of asthma, including the "hygiene hypothesis."
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