Causes and Risk Factors of Bronchial Asthma
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a hallmark of asthma?

  • Increased mucus secretion
  • Chronic bronchial inflammation with basophils (correct)
  • Bronchial smooth muscle cell hypertrophy and hyperreactivity
  • Intermittent, reversible airway obstruction

    • What is one possible explanation for the increased incidence of asthma in the Western world?

  • Decreased exposure to nonpathogenic microorganisms
  • Increased exposure to infectious organisms
  • Decreased exposure to infectious organisms (correct)
  • Increased exposure to nonpathogenic microorganisms

    • When do the structural changes in the bronchial wall associated with airway remodeling occur?

  • Immediately after initiation of symptoms
  • Several years before initiation of symptoms (correct)
  • Simultaneously with the recruitment of eosinophils
  • During repeated bouts of inflammation

    • Which of the following is a characteristic feature of asthma?

    <p>Intermittent shortness of breath</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?

    <p>Airway obstruction is reversible in asthma but not in COPD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When are asthma symptoms often worse?

    <p>At night or early in the morning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does asthma differ from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?

    <p>Asthma is more common in children than in adults, whereas COPD affects primarily adults.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of airway obstruction in asthma?

    <p>Airway obstruction is reversible with bronchodilators.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does asthma typically progress as children grow?

    <p>Symptoms improve gradually over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately reflects the global burden of bronchial asthma?

    <p>Bronchial asthma is the most common chronic condition among children globally.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do more than 80% of asthma-related deaths occur?

    <p>Low and middle-income countries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic feature of asthma?

    <p>Bronchial inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of airway obstruction in asthma?

    <p>Airway hyperactivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a potent chemoattractant and activator of eosinophils in asthma?

    <p>Basophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main characteristics of asthma related to the airways?

    <p>Hyper-responsiveness to stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does airflow obstruction in asthma typically respond to treatment?

    <p>It improves and becomes reversible after bronchodilator therapy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell types and substances are involved in the bronchial inflammation seen in asthma?

    <p>T-lymphocytes, neutrophils, and cytokines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of bronchial inflammation in asthma?

    <p>It leads to mucus secretion, clogging the airways.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a hallmark of bronchial asthma?

    <p>Positive family history of atopy/allergy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the proposed link between the 'hygiene hypothesis' and asthma prevalence in developed countries?

    <p>Decreased exposure to allergens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is associated with bronchial asthma?

    <p>Type 1 IgE mediated hypersensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic test is commonly used to assess allergic sensitization in individuals with bronchial asthma?

    <p>Skin-prick test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is often preceded by allergic rhinitis and eczema, forming the "atopic triad"?

    <p>Bronchial asthma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following triggers is NOT commonly associated with non-atopic asthma?

    <p>Allergen sensitisation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common trigger for bronchial asthma?

    <p>Antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic test is usually negative in individuals with non-atopic asthma?

    <p>Skin-prick test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications can potentially induce non-atopic asthma?

    <p>NSAIDs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does a sensitive IgE atopic immune response play in the "Hygiene Hypothesis"?

    <p>It causes an overreaction to offending pathogens/ foreign bodies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential consequence of a 'too clean' environment on the immune system?

    <p>Increased sensitivity to IgE atopic immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the prevalence of asthma higher in developed countries compared to developing countries?

    <p>Lack of pathogen exposure during childhood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells release cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 in atopic asthma?

    <p>T-helper 2 (TH2) lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are activated by IL-5 in asthma?

    <p>Eosinophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells release granule contents and mediators in asthma?

    <p>Mast cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytokines released by TH2 lymphocytes stimulate IgE production?

    <p>Interleukin-4 (IL-4) and Interleukin-13 (IL-13)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytokine released by TH2 lymphocytes stimulates mucus production?

    <p>Interleukin-13 (IL-13)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chemical mediators are involved in triggering the immediate phase reaction in asthma?

    <p>Histamines, prostaglandin D2, and leukotrienes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells release mediators and granule contents in asthma?

    <p>Mast cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The early (immediate) phase reaction in asthma occurs within minutes of exposure to:

    <p>Allergens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do reflex neural pathways play in bronchoconstriction during the early phase reaction?

    <p>They constrict smooth muscles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of the immune response occurs within minutes of antigen exposure in asthma?

    <p>Immediate phase reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic feature of the early (immediate) phase reaction in asthma?

    <p>Decreased vascular permeability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of leucocytes are recruited to the site of reaction during the late phase reaction in asthma?

    <p>Eosinophils, neutrophils, basophils, lymphocytes and monocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chemokine is a potent chemoattractant and activator of eosinophils in asthma?

    <p>Eotaxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary cells recruited by chemokines in asthma?

    <p>T-helper 2 (TH2) lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT the characteristic feature of airway remodelling in asthma?

    <p>Thinning of airway smooth muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do Charcot-Leyden crystals in the mucus of asthma patients consist of?

    <p>Crystalloids made of eosinophil protein galectin-10</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of factors released from eosinophils during the late phase reaction in asthma?

    <p>Damage to the bronchial epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does the remodeling of the airways in asthma become irreversible?

    <p>When fibrosis and scarring occur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of the airway remodeling in asthma on the effectiveness of medications?

    <p>Medications become less effective.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary composition of Charcot-Leyden Crystals found in asthma?

    <p>Eosinophil granules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of Curschmann Spirals in asthma?

    <p>Block gas exchange and medication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a symptom of bronchial asthma?

    <p>Fatigue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of the episodes in bronchial asthma?

    <p>They are recurrent with remissions in between</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a requirement for considering a patient as suspected asthma?

    <p>Presence of crackles on auscultation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the gold standard measurement to assess responsiveness to bronchodilator treatment?

    <p>Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage improvement in peak flow rate between pre and post treatment indicates responsiveness to bronchodilator treatment?

    <blockquote> <p>12%</p> </blockquote> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary trigger for acute exacerbation of bronchial asthma?

    <p>Upper Respiratory Tract Infection (URTI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an acute exacerbation of bronchial asthma (AEBA) characterized by?

    <p>Flare-ups of underlying asthma triggered by specific factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

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