Causas y etapas del movimiento de independencia

Causes and Antecedents

• External causes included revolutions like the 13 colonies and the French Revolution, the Enlightenment, and the Industrial Revolution.
• Internal causes included conflicts between peninsulars and creoles, creole nationalism, Enlightenment ideas, and existing social structures like slavery.

Stages of the Independence Movement

• Initiation (1810-1811): Miguel Hidalgo's Grito de Dolores, the capture of the Alhóndiga de Granaditas, and the Battle of Monte de las Cruces were key events.
• Organization (1811-1815): Ignacio Allende and Juan Aldama established a base in Zitácuaro, Michoacán, advocating for the restoration of Spanish sovereignty with Fernando VII. José María Morelos advocated for political and social reforms in the Congreso de Chilpancingo, including the abolition of slavery. The Constitution of Apatzingán was established in 1814.
• Resistance (1815-1821): Vicente Guerrero led guerrilla warfare in the south. Francisco Javier Mina supported the cause from abroad, but was executed. Spain's restored constitution in 1820 created both support and resistance and affected the momentum of revolutionary movements.
• Consummation (1821): The Plan de Iguala, an alliance between Vicente Guerrero and Agustín de Iturbide, was crucial in achieving independence. The Treaty of Córdoba was signed, leading to the Ejército Trigarante taking Mexico City, thus consummating Mexican independence.